Fluazaindolizine (Ref: DPX-Q8U80)

Fluazaindolizine (Ref: DPX-Q8U80)	Last updated: 15/03/2024
(Also known as: Q8U80)

SUMMARY

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate High alert: GUS: High leachability	Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Birds chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate; Fish acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Fish chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate; Bees acute oral ecotoxicity: Moderate; Earthworms chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate	Human health Moderate alert: Mammals acute toxicity: Moderate; Reproduction/development effects

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A selective nematicide for the control of plant parasitic nematodes in both the field and in protected cropping

Example pests controlled

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)

Example applications

Tomato; Cucubits: cucumber, courgette; Aubergine; Pepper; Strawberry; Oranges; Peaches; Kiwi; Potato; Root & tuber vegetables including carrots

Efficacy & activity

Efficacy demonstrated in extensive field trials

Availability status

Novel

Introduction & key dates

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status

Not applicable

Date COPR inclusion expires

Not applicable

UK LERAP status

No UK approval for use

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Pending

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Malta

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Not applicable

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Not applicable

Listed in EU database

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece

ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg

LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Also used in

USA

Chemical structure

Isomerism

None. Fluazaindolizine is not a chiral molecule

Chemical formula

C₁₆H₁₀Cl₂F₃N₃O₄S

Canonical SMILES

COC1=CC(=C(C=C1)Cl)S(=O)(=O)NC(=O)C2=CN3C=C(C=C(C3=N2)Cl)C(F)(F)F

Isomeric SMILES

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

PHCCDUCBMCYSNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C16H10Cl2F3N3O4S/c1-28-9-2-3-10(17)13(5-9)29(26,27)23-15(25)12-7-24-6-8(16(19,20)21)4-11(18)14(24)22-12/h2-7H,1H3,(H,23,25)

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Nematicide, Insecticide

Substance groups

Imidazopyridine nematicide; Pyridine nematicide; Sulfonamide nematicide

Minimum active substance purity

961 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Selective

CAS RN

1254304-22-7

EC number

832-861-0

CIPAC number

986

US EPA chemical code

PubChem CID

CLP index number

No data found

Molecular mass

468.24

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

8-chloro-N-(2-chloro-5-methoxybenzene-1-sulfonyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxamide

IUPAC name

8-chloro-N-((2-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine-2-carboxamide

CAS name

8-chloro-N-((2-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine-2-carboxamide

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Not known

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

Off-white coloured solid

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Corteva AgriScience

Example products using this active

Salibro
Reklemel Active

Formulation and application details

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

2148

High

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

35050

Acetonitrile

3470

Methanol

99760

Acetone

27620

Ethyl acetate

Melting point (°C)

218.5

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

260

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

6.92 X 10^-01

Calculated

Log P

-0.16

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Data type

Density (g ml⁻¹)

0.619

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

5.60

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

24 hr

From soil surface

Negligible

24 hr

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

202nm=48000; 235nm=50000, 298nm=6500 at pH 1.8, 7.0 & 10.5

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Not readily biodegradable

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

31.8

Moderately persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

31.8

Moderately persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

31.95

Moderately persistent

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

330.0

Persistent

DT₉₀ (field)

217.0

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

46.8

(normalised geometric mean)

Note

EU 2023 dossier Lab studies DT₅₀ (normalised) range 3.9-241.3 days; DT₉₀ (measured) 19.0-1000 days; Soils=13; Field data DT₅₀ (measured) range 3.8-79.8 days; DT₉₀ (measured) range 24.2-498.0 days, Soils=12

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

Note

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Stable at all environmentally relevant pH values

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

32.5

Moderately fast

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

30.3

Stable

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d

3.1

Moderately mobile

K_oc

198.4

Notes and range

EU 2023 dossier kd range 1.42-4.61 mL g⁻¹; K_oc range 148-254 mL g⁻¹, Soils=5

Freundlich

K_f

1.81

Moderately mobile

K_foc

124.8

¹/_n

0.855

Notes and range

EU 2023 dossier kf range 0.94-2.84 mL g⁻¹; K_foc range 91.5-168 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 0.833-0.884, Soils=5

pH sensitivity

None

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

2.86

Calculated

High leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

2.27 X 10^-01

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Low

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Moderately mobile

Calculated

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

32.6

Calculated using the Atkinson method. Assumed 1.5E+06 OH/cm³, 12 hr

Below the level of concern for long-range air transport

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

CT₅₀ (days)

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

8-chloro-N-[(2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxamide (Ref: IN-REG72)

Minor fraction

0.038

3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-amine (Ref: IN-VM862)

Major fraction

0.199

8-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxamide (Ref: IN-RYC33)

Minor fraction

2-chloro-5-hydroxybenzenesulfonamide (Ref: IN-A5760)

Major fraction

0.055

2-chloro-5-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Ref: IN-F4106)

Major fraction

0.860

8-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Ref: IN-QEK31)

Major fraction

0.790

Known groundwater metabolites

Metabolite

EC SANCO/221/2000 relevancy

ADI (mg kg⁻¹ bodyweight day⁻¹)

WHO drinking water guidance value (μg L⁻¹ day⁻¹)

2-chloro-5-hydroxybenzenesulfonamide (Ref: IN-A5760)

Not relevant

0.3

1800

2-chloro-5-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Ref: IN-F4106)

Not relevant

0.3

1800

8-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Ref: INQEK31)

Not relevant

0.3

1800

3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-amine (Ref: IN-VM862)

Not relevant

0.02

1200

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Metabolising enzymes

2-chloro-5-hydroxybenzenesulfonamide (Ref: IN-A5760)

Plant; Animal; Rat

2-chloro-5-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Ref: IN-F4106)

Water/sediment systems; Plant; Animal; Rat/Mouse

8-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Ref: IN-QEK31)

Water/sediment systems; Plant; Animal; Rat/Mouse

3-[[(2-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino]-L-alanine hydrochloride (Ref: IN-QZY47)

Plant

8-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (Ref: IN-R2W56)

Plant; Animal

2-chloro-5-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy) (Ref: IN-R3Z85)

Plant

5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-amine (Ref: IN-R6P21)

Surface water (aqueous hydrolysis)

8-chloro-N-[(2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxamide (Ref: IN-REG72)

Water/sediment systems; Plant; Animal; Rat/Mouse

8-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxamide (Ref: IN-RYC33)

Plant; Animal; Rat

3-[[(2-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino]-(2R)-hydroxypropanoic acid, potassium salt (Ref: IN-TMQ01)
Note: R-enantiomer of IN-RSU03

Plant

3-[[(2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino]-(2R)-hydroxypropanoic acid potassium salt (Ref: IN-TQD54)
Note: R-enantiomer of IN-UNS90

Plant

N-(carboxyacetyl)-3-[[(2-chloro-5methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-amino]-L-alanine (Ref: IN-TUT81)

Plant

beta-D-glucopyranose 1-[8-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylate] (Ref: IN-UGA20)

Plant

8-chloro-N-[(2-chloro-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxamide (Ref: IN-UHD20)

Rat/Mouse

8-chloro-N-[(2-chloro-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxamide (Ref: IN-UHD21)

Rat/Mouse

3-[[(2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino]-L-alanine hydrochloride (Ref: IN-UJV12)
Note: S-enantiomer

Plant

2-[[[8-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl]oxy]butanedioic acid (Ref: IN-UJU44)

Plant

N-[(2-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-8-hydroxy-6-(trifluoromethyl)- imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxamide (Ref: IN-URA40)

Surface water (aqueous photolysis)

3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-amine (Ref: IN-VM862)

Sediments; Surface water (aqueous photolysis); Plants

N-[[8-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-yl]carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid (Ref: IN-WUK12)

Plant

2-chloro-5-(beta-L2-glucopyranuronosyloxy)benzenesulfonamide

Animal

2-chloro-5-(sulfooxy)benzenesulfonamide

Animal; Rat/Mouse

2-chloro-4-(beta-L-Lglucopyranuronosyloxy)-benzenesulfonamide

Rat (bile)

8-chloro-N-[(2-chloro-5-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl) phenyl) sulfonyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxamide

Plant

8-chloro-N-[[2-chloro-5-(sulfooxy)phenyl]sulfonyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl) imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxamide

Rat (bile)

3-[[(2-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino]-(2R)-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)propanoic acid

Plant

mono[1-carboxy-(2R)-[[(2-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino]ethyl]-propanedioic acid ester

Plant

(2R)-[[6-O-(2-carboxyacetyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-3-[[(2-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino]-propanoic acid

Plant

8-hydroxy-6-(trifluoromethyl)- imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxamide

Surface water (aqueous photolysis)

3-[[[2-chloro-5-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)phenyl]sulfonyl]-amino]-(2R)-hydroxypropanoic acid

Plant

imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-, 3-(hexopyranuronosyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl ester

Plant

N-acetyl-3-[[(2-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino]-L-alanine

Plant; Rat

N-acetyl-3-[[(2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino]-L-alanine

Rat

N-acetyl-3-[[[2-chloro-5-(sulfooxy)phenyl]sulfonyl]-amino]-L-alanine

Rat

2-chloro-4-hydroxy-5-(sulfooxy)-benzenesulfonamide

Rat

4-[4-[[[(2-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino]carbonyl]-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-4-oxo-2-(trifluoromethyl)-(2E/Z)-butenoic acid (Ref: IN-UGA22)
Note: Unstable in water

Surface water (aqueous photolysis)

4-[[[(2-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino]carbonyl]-1H-imidazole-2-carboxylic acid (Ref: IN-UGA26)

Surface water (aqueous photolysis)

N-[(2-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide (Ref: IN-UHC58)

Surface water (aqueous photolysis)

[(2S,3R,5S,6S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxycyclohexyl]1-[8-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylate] (Ref: IN-UHD13)

Plant

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

940

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2250

Colinus virginianus

Low

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

51.1

Colinus virginianus as NOEC

Moderate

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 1000

Eisenia foetida

Low

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

100

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen transformation: No significant adverse effect

% effect 28 Day onwards

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

500

Folsomia candida

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 200

Apis mellifera

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 19.62

Apis mellifera

Moderate

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 200

Bombus terrestris

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 176

Bombus terrestris

Low

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps) as mL product (500g l⁻¹)/ha

> 2000

Aphidius rhopalosiphi

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites) as mL product (500 g l⁻¹)/ha

> 2000

Typhlodromus pyri

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 30.0

Cyprinodon variegatus marine species

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.75

Cyprinodon variegatus

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 120

Daphnia magna

Low

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 30

Americamysis bahia

Moderate

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 120

Chironomus riparius

Low

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

35.0

Chironomus riparius

Low

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

37.0

Chironomus riparius

Moderate

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

28.5

Lemna gibba

Low

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

46.0

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Low

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

940

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

2000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 5.3

Rat 4 hr (nose only)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.3

Rat SF=100

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

1.25

Rat SF=100

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.64

Rat SF=100

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.15

Rat SF=100

Dermal penetration studies (%)

1.7-13.0

concentration dependent

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Negligible exposure expected for bystanders, consumers and the general public

Occupational

Negligible exposure expected for operators

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Majority (>90%) of administered dose excreted in urine and feces over 48 hours. Metabolised in humans.

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

No data found

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

No data found

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

General human health issues

Possible kidney, gall bladder, liver toxicant

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable; Melts rather than combusts
Not explosive or oxidising

CLP classification 2013

Health: H373, H302
Environment: H411

WHO Classification

Not listed (Not listed)

UN Number

Waste disposal & packaging

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

Technical fluazaindolizine is expected to be stable during storage under normal conditions for at least 2 years.

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

fluazaindolizine

French

fluazaindolizine

German

Danish

Italian

Spanish

Greek

Polish

Swedish

Hungarian

Dutch

Norwegian

Record last updated:	15/03/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242