Chlormequat chloride (Ref: BAS 062W)

Chlormequat chloride (Ref: BAS 062W)	Last updated: 12/01/2021
(Also known as: chlormequat; AC 38555; 2-chloroethyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride ; chlorocholine chloride)

SUMMARY

Chlormequat chloride is a plant growth regulator that is approved for use in the EU. It is highly soluble in water and has a low volatility. It tends not to be persistent insoil or water systems. It has a moderate mammalian oral toxicity and there are someconcerns regarding its potential to damage reproduction or infant development. It demonstrates moderate to low ecotoxicity for most species.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A plant growth regulator used on cereals to increase resistance to lodging

Example pests controlled

Lodging; Cell elongation

Example applications

Cereals including wheat, triticale, barley, rye; Ornamentals including geraniums, pelargoniums, poinsetta; vegetables including tomatoes, cabbage, cauliflower, radish

Efficacy & activity

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

1966, Germany

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status

Approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

30/11/2024

UK LERAP status

None

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

30/11/2021

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece
✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓		✓
ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg
✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia
✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

Also used in

Australia, USA

Chemical structure

Isomerism

Chemical formula

C₅H₁₃Cl₂N

Canonical SMILES

C[N+](C)(C)CCCl.[Cl-]

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

UHZZMRAGKVHANO-UHFFFAOYSA-M

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C5H13ClN.ClH/c1-7(2,3)5-4-6;/h4-5H2,1-3H3;1H/q+1;/p-1

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Plant growth regulator

Substance group

Quarternary ammonium compound

Minimum active substance purity

Known relevant impurities

EU dossier - 1,2-dichloroethane <0.1 g kg⁻¹, chloroethene <0.0004 g l⁻¹

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Inhibits cell elongation

CAS RN

999-81-5

EC number

213-666-4

CIPAC number

143.302

US EPA chemical code

018101

PubChem CID

13836

Molecular mass

158.07

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethan-1-aminium chloride

IUPAC name

2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride

CAS name

2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride

Other status information

Potential groundwater contaminant

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

White hydroscopic crystals

Related substances & organisms

imazaquin

mepiquat chloride

choline chloride

ethephon

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

New 5C Cyclocel
Stronghold
Sypex
Terpal
Upgrade
Upright

Example products using this active

AgriGuard
BASF
Bayer CropScience
Greencrop
Mandops
Nufarm UK

Formulation and application details

Usually supplied as a soluble concentrate that is mixed with water and applied as a spray

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

886000

High

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

365000

Methanol

n-Heptane

130

Acetone

Ethyl acetate

Melting point (°C)

225

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

240

Flashpoint (°C)

Not expected to self ignite; Not highly flammable

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

3.39 X 10^-04

Calculated

Log P

-3.47

Low

Bulk density (g ml⁻¹)

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Not applicable

Complete dissociation

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

1.0 X 10^-03

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

3.16 X 10^-10

Non-volatile

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

No significant absorption from 200-750nm

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

72.3

at 20°C

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

27.4

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

23.2

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

102.1

Persistent

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

EU dossier lab studies DT₅₀ range 17.0-31.6 days, DT₉₀ range 88.9-112.5 days; Confirmatory data DT₅₀ 11.0-44.7 days, soils=7. Other sources: DT₅₀ 14 days (DW3)

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on and in plant matrix

Value

4.2

Note

Published literature RL₅₀ range 3.9-4.5 days, 2 field crops, various matrices, n=2

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Stable at pH 5 to pH 9 up to 50 °C

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

3.75

Fast

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

0.5

Fast

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d

K_oc

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f

2.04

Moderately mobile

K_foc

132

¹/_n

0.74

Notes and range

EU dossier kf range 0.63-4.57 mL g⁻¹, K_foc range 54.6-291.1 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 0.51-0.99, Soils=8

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

2.57

Calculated

Transition state

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

1.39 X 10^-01

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Low

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Moderately mobile

Calculated

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Metabolising enzymes

choline chloride

Rat (Urinary)

0.03

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

0.01

Estimated

Low potential

CT₅₀ (days)

Not available

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

115

Rabbit

Moderate

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

Rat 2 year

High

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Rat Reproductive NOAEL

Moderate

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

441

Coturnix japonica

Moderate

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

> 310 mg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹

Coturnix japonica

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

54.8

Coturnix japonica

Moderate

Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 100

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Low

Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

43.1

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Low

Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

31.7

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

2.4

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

5.3

Lemna gibba

Moderate

Non-target plants

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

> 100

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Low

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 65.2

Apis mellifera

Moderate

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 80.2

Apis mellifera

Moderate

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other pollinators (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other pollinators (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

320

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

681

Eisenia foetida

Low

Other soil macro-organisms

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Other arthropod (1)

LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

2200

>
Typhlodromus pyri

% Effect

Other arthropod (2)

LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

2250

>
Aphidius rhopalosiphi

% Effect

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogten mineralisation: No significant adverse effect
Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect

Dose: 18.6 mg kg⁻¹ soil 28 days

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

115

Rabbit

Moderate

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

964

Rabbit

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 5.2

Rat 4 hr (aerosol)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.04

Dog SF=100

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.09

Dog SF=100

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.04

Rabbit SF=100

Dermal penetration studies (%)

4.0

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Acceptable risk for bystanders

Occupational

Acceptable risk for workers
Operators should wear PPC/PPE to protect against potential exposure

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

No data found

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

No data found

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

Highly toxic

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Prevent generation of dust
May emit irritating, toxic fumes in a fire
Not explosive or oxidising
IMDG Transport Code is usually 8

CLP classification 2013

Health: H302, H312

EC Risk Classification

Xn - Harmful: R21/22

EC Safety Classification

S2, S36/37

WHO Classification

II (Moderately hazardous)

UN Number

Usually 1760

Waste disposal & packaging

Packaging Group III (minor danger)

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

chlormequat chloride

French

chlormequat

German

Chlormequat

Danish

chlormequat-chlorid

Italian

clormequat

Spanish

cloruro de clormecuat

Greek

chlormequat chloride

Polish

chlorek chloromekwatu

Swedish

klormekvatklorid

Hungarian

chlormequat

Dutch

chloormequatchloride

Record last updated:	12/01/2021
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242