| chlormequat chloride (Ref: BAS 062W) |
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Environmental Fate - Ecotoxicology - Human Health - A to Z Index - Home
SUMMARY
Chlormequat chloride is a plant growth regulator that is approved for use in the EU. It is highly soluble in water and has a low volatility. It tends not to be persistent insoil or water systems. It has a moderate mammalian oral toxicity and there are someconcerns regarding its potential to damage reproduction or infant development. It demonstrates moderate to low ecotoxicity for most species. GENERAL INFORMATION 
for chlormequat chloride
Description: A plant growth regulator used on cereals to increase resistance to lodging
Example pests controlled: Lodging; Cell elongation
Example applications: Cereals including wheat, triticale, barley, rye; Ornamentals including geraniums, pelargoniums, poinsetta; vegetables including tomatoes, cabbage, cauliflower, radish
Efficacy & activity: -
Availability status: Current
Introduction & key dates: 1966, Germany
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414):
| Status | Approved |
| Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur | UK |
| Date inclusion expires | 30/11/2019 |
| EU Candidate for substitution (CfS) | No |
| Listed in EU database | Yes |
Approved for use (
) or known to be used (
) in the following European countries: 
AT |
BE |
BG |
CY |
CZ |
DE |
DK |
EE |
EL |
ES |
FI |
FR |
HR |
HU |
IE |
IT |
LT |
LU |
LV |
MT |
NL |
PL |
PT |
RO |
SE |
SI |
SK |
UK |
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Also used in: Australia, USA
General status:
| Pesticide type | Plant growth regulator | |
| Substance group | Quarternary ammonium compound | |
| Minimum active substance purity | - | |
| Known relevant impurities | EU dossier - 1,2-dichloroethane <0.1 g/kg, chloroethene <0.0004 g/l | |
| Substance origin | Synthetic | |
| Mode of action | Inhibits cell elongation | |
| CAS RN | 999-81-5 | |
| EC number | 213-666-4 | |
| CIPAC number | 143.302 | |
| US EPA chemical code | 018101 | |
| PubChem CID | 13836 | |
| Isomerism | - | |
| Chemical formula | C5H13Cl2N | |
| Canonical SMILES | C[N+](C)(C)CCCl.[Cl-] | |
| Isomeric SMILES | No data | |
| International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey) | UHZZMRAGKVHANO-UHFFFAOYSA-M | |
| International Chemical Identifier (InChI) | InChI=1S/C5H13ClN.ClH/c1-7(2,3)5-4-6;/h4-5H2,1-3H3;1H/q+1;/p-1 | |
| Structure diagram/image available? | Yes | |
| Molecular mass (g mol-1) | 158.07 | |
| PIN (Preferred Identification Name) | 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethan-1-aminium chloride | |
| IUPAC name | 2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride | |
| CAS name | 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride | |
| Other status information | Potential groundwater contaminant | |
| Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards | - | |
| Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC) | Not applicable | |
| Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA) | Not applicable | |
| Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC) | Not applicable | |
| Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC) | Not applicable | |
| Examples of recorded resistance | - | |
| Physical state | White hydroscopic crystals | |
| Related substances & organisms | ||
Formulations:
| Property |
Value | |||
| Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically |
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| Example products using this active |
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| UK LERAP status | None | |||
| Formulation and application details | Usually supplied as a soluble concentrate that is mixed with water and applied as a spray. | |||
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
for chlormequat chloride
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Solubility - In water at 20oC (mg l-1) | 886000 | A5 | High | |
| Solubility - In organic solvents at 20oC (mg l-1) | 365000 | A5 - Methanol | - | |
| 10 | A5 - n-Heptane | - | ||
| 130 | A5 - Acetone | - | ||
| 10 | A5 - Ethyl acetate | - | ||
| Melting point (oC) | 225 | A5 | - | |
| Boiling point (oC) | Decomposes before boiling | A5 | - | |
| Degradation point (oC) | 240 | A5 | - | |
| Flashpoint (oC) | Not expected to self ignite; Not highly flammable | A5 | - | |
| Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20oC | P | 3.39 X 10-04 | Calculated | - |
| Log P | -3.47 | A5 | Low | |
| Bulk density (g ml-1)/Specific gravity | - | - | - | |
| Dissociation constant (pKa) at 25oC | Not applicable | A5 | - | |
| Note: Complete dissociation | ||||
| Vapour pressure at 25oC (mPa) | 1.0 X 10-03 | A5 | Low volatility | |
| Henry's law constant at 25oC (Pa m3 mol-1) | 3.16 X 10-10 | A5 | Non-volatile | |
GUS leaching potential index  |
2.57 | Calculated | Transition state | |
| SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l-1) for a 1 kg ha-1 or 1 l ha-1 application rate |
Value | 1.39 X 10-01 | Calculated | - |
| Note | - | |||
| Potential for particle bound transport index |
- | Calculated | Low | |
| Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol-1 cm-1 | No significant absorption from 200-750nm | A5 | - | |
| Surface tension (mN m-1) | 72.3 | A5 at 20oC | - | |
Degradation:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
General biodegradability | - |
| Soil degradation (days) (aerobic) | DT50 (typical) | 27.4 | A5 | Non-persistent |
| DT50 (lab at 20oC) | 23.2 | A5 | Non-persistent | |
| DT50 (field) | 7 | Y4 | Non-persistent | |
| DT90 (lab at 20oC) | 102.1 | A5 | - | |
| DT90 (field) | - | - | - | |
| DT50 modelling endpoint | - | - | - | |
| Note | EU dossier lab studies DT50 range 17.0-31.6 days, DT90 range 88.9-112.5 days; Confirmatory data DT50 11.0-44.7 days, soils=7. Other sources: DT50 14 days (DW3) | |||
| Dissipation rate RL50 on plant matrix | Value | - | - | - |
| Note | - | |||
| Dissipation rate RL50 on and in plant matrix | Value | 4.2 | R4 | - |
| Note | Published literature RL50 range 3.9-4.5 days, 2 field crops, various matrices, n=2 | |||
| Aqueous photolysis DT50 (days) at pH 7 | Value | Stable | A5 | - |
| Note | - | |||
| Aqueous hydrolysis DT50 (days) at 20oC and pH 7 | Value | Stable | A5 | - |
| Note | Stable at pH 5 to pH 9 up to 50 degC | |||
| Water-sediment DT50 (days) | 3.75 | A5 | Fast | |
| Water phase only DT50 (days) | 0.5 | A5 | Fast | |
Soil adsorption and mobility:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Linear | Kd | - | - | - |
| Koc | - | |||
| Notes and range | - | |||
| Freundlich | Kf | 2.04 | A5 | Moderately mobile |
| Kfoc | 132 | |||
| 1/n | 0.74 | |||
| Notes and range | EU dossier kf range 0.63-4.57 mL/g, Kfoc range 54.6-291.1 mL/g, 1/n range 0.51-0.99, Soils=8 | |||
| pH sensitivity | No | |||
Other known metabolites:
| Metabolite name and reference | Aliases | Formation medium / Rate | Estimated maximum occurrence fraction | Metabolising enzymes |
| choline chloride (Ref: ) Note: A5 |
- | Rat (Urinary) | 0.03 | - |
ECOTOXICOLOGY
for chlormequat chloride
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Bio-concentration factor | BCF (l kg-1) | 0.01 | Q2 Estimated | Low potential |
| CT50 (days) | Not available | - | ||
| Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1) | 115 | A5 Rabbit | Moderate | |
| Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL | (mg kg-1) | 50 | L2 Rat, 2 year | High |
| (ppm diet) | - | - | ||
| Birds - Acute LD50 (mg kg-1) | 441 | A5 Coturnix japonica | Moderate | |
| Birds - Short term dietary (LC50/LD50) | > 310 mg kg bw-1 day-1 | A5 Coturnix japonica | - | |
| Fish - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | > 100 | A5 Oncorhynchus mykiss | Low | |
| Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1) | 43.1 | A5 Oncorhynchus mykiss | Low | |
| Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC50 (mg l-1) | 31.7 | A5 Daphnia magna | Moderate | |
| Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1) | 2.4 | A5 Daphnia magna | Moderate | |
| Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg-1) | - | - | - | |
| Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC50, biomass (mg l-1) | 5.3 | A5 Lemna gibba | Moderate | |
| Non-target plants | - | - | - | |
| - | - | - | ||
| Algae - Acute 72 hour EC50, growth (mg l-1) | > 100 | A5 Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata | Low | |
| Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Honeybees | Contact acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1) | > 65.2 | A5 | Moderate |
| Oral acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1) | > 80.2 | A5 | Moderate | |
| Unknown mode acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1) | - | - | - | |
| Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC50 (mg kg-1) | 320 | A5 Eisenia foetida | Moderate | |
| Earthworms - Chronic 14 day NOEC, reproduction (mg kg-1) | 681 | A5 Eisenia foetida | Low | |
| Other soil macro-organisms - e.g. Collembola | LR50 / EC50 / NOEC / % Effect | - | - | - |
| Other arthropod (1) | LR50 g ha-1 | 2200 | > A5 Typhlodromus pyri |
- |
| % Effect | - | - | - | |
| Other arthropod (2) | LR50 g ha-1 | 2250 | > A5 Aphidius rhopalosiphi |
- |
| % Effect | - | - | - | |
| Soil micro-organisms | Nitrogten mineralisation: No significant adverse effect Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect |
A5 Dose: 18.6 mg kg-1 soil, 28 days |
- | |
| Mesocosm study data | NOEAEC mg l-1 | - | - | - |
| NOEAEC mg l-1 | - | - | - | |
HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION
for chlormequat chloride
General:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class) |
High (class III) | - | - | |
| Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1) | 115 | A5 Rabbit | Moderate | |
| Mammals - Dermal LD50 (mg kg-1 body weight) | 964 | A5 Rabbit | - | |
| Mammals - Inhalation LC50 (mg l-1) | > 5.2 | A5 Rat, 4 hr (aerosol) | - | |
| Other Mammal toxicity endpoints | - | - | ||
| ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg-1bw day-1) | 0.04 | A5 Dog, SF=100 | - | |
| ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg-1bw day-1) | 0.09 | A5 Dog, SF=100 | - | |
| AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg-1 bw day-1) | - | - | - | |
| AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg-1bw day-1) | 0.04 | A5 Rabbit, SF=100 | - | |
| Dermal penetration studies (%) | 4.0 | A5 | - | |
| Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464 | - | - | - | |
| Exposure Limits | - | - | - | |
| Exposure Routes | Public | Acceptable risk for bystanders | ||
| Occupational | Acceptable risk for workers Operators should wear PPC/PPE to protect against potential exposure |
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| European MRLs | Click here for the EU MRL pesticide database | |||
| Drinking Water Standards | - | - | - | |
| Drinking Water MAC (μg l-1) | - | - | - | |
Health issues:
| Carcinogen | Mutagen | Endocrine disrupter | Reproduction / development effects | Cholinesterase inhibitor | Neurotoxicant | |||
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| Respiratory tract irritant | Skin irritant | Skin sensitiser | Eye irritant | Phototoxicant | ||||
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| General human health issues | Highly toxic | |||||||
: Yes, known to cause a problem
: No, known not to cause a problem
: Possibly, status not identified
- : No data found
Handling issues:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| General |
Prevent generation of dust May emit irritating, toxic fumes in a fire Not explosive or oxidising IMDG Transport Code is usually 8 |
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| CLP classification 2013 | Health: H302, H312 | |||
| EC Risk Classification |
Xn - Harmful: R21/22 | |||
| EC Safety Classification |
S2, S36/37 | |||
| WHO Classification | II | - | Moderately hazardous | |
| US EPA Classification (formulation) | III | - | Caution - Slightly toxic | |
| UN Number | Usually 1760 | |||
| Waste disposal & packaging |
Packaging Group III (minor danger) | |||
TRANSLATIONS
for chlormequat chloride
| Language | Name |
| English | chlormequat chloride |
| French | chlormequat |
| German | Chlormequat |
| Danish | chlormequat-chlorid |
| Italian | clormequat |
| Spanish | cloruro de clormecuat |
| Greek | chlormequat chloride |
| Slovenian | klormekvat klorid |
| Polish | chlorek chloromekwatu |
| Swedish | klormekvatklorid |
| Hungarian | chlormequat |
| Dutch | chloormequatchloride |
Record last updated: Tuesday 22 May 2018
Contact: aeru@herts.ac.uk