urea ** carbamide ** Translations

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GENERAL INFORMATION
for urea

Description: Normally thought of as a nitrogen fertiliser, however, it is also used to control certain insect and wood rotting pests

Example pests controlled: Olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae); Conifer root & butt rot (Heterobasidion annosum

Example applications: Olive trees; Conifers; Pines; Wood structures

Availability status: Current

Introduction & key dates: 1773, discovered

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414):

Status	Approved
Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur	Greece
Date inclusion expires	31/08/2019

Approved for use () or known to be used () in the following European countries:

AT

BE

BG

CY

CZ

DE

DK

EE

EL

ES

FI

FR

HR

HU

IE

IT

LT

LU

LV

MT

NL

PL

PT

RO

SE

SI

SK

UK

General status:

Pesticide type	Fungicide, Insecticide, Microbiocide, Wood preservative
Other constituent type	Fertiliser, Wood preservative
Substance group	Inorganic compound
Minimum active substance purity	98% w/w
Known relevant impurities	EU dossier - None declared
Substance origin	Synthetic
Mode of action	Unclear but thought to be related to elevation in pH and ammonia levels as urea degrades
CAS RN	57-13-6
EC number	200-315-5
CIPAC number	913
US EPA chemical code	085702
Chiral molecule	No
Chemical formula	CH4N2O
SMILES	C(N)(N)=O
International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)	XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International Chemical Identifier (InChI)	InChI=1S/CH4N2O/c2-1(3)4/h(H4,2,3,4)
Structure diagram/image available?	Yes
Molecular mass (g mol-1)	60.06
PIN (Preferred Identification Name)	-
IUPAC name	urea
CAS name	urea
Other status information	-
Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)	Not applicable
Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)	Not applicable
Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)	None
Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)	None
Examples of recorded resistance	None identified
Physical state	White solid with ammoniacal odour
Related substances & organisms	thiourea

Formulations:

Property	Value
Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically	BASF Dalgety Agriculture Ltd Hydro Agri
Example products using this active	-
UK LERAP status	No UK approval for use or outside scope
Formulation and application details	-

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
for urea

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Solubility - In water at 20oC (mg l-1)		590000	F4	High
Solubility - In organic solvents at 20oC (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Melting point (oC)		134	O3	-
Boiling point (oC)		Decomposes before boiling	F4	-
Degradation point (oC)		-	-	-
Flashpoint (oC)		73	O2	-
Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20oC	P	2.57 X 10-03	Calculated	-
	Log P	-2.59	F4	Low
Bulk density (g ml-1)/Specific gravity		1.32	Q3	-
Dissociation constant (pKa) at 25oC		13.90	Q3	-
		Note: Data as pKb
Vapour pressure at 25oC (mPa)		-	-	-
Henry's law constant at 25oC (Pa m3 mol-1)		-	-	-
Henry's law constant at 20oC (dimensionless)		-	-	-
GUS leaching potential index		-	-	-
SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l-1) for a 1 kg ha-1 or 1 l ha-1 application rate	Value	-	-	-
	Note	-
Potential for particle bound transport index		-	-	-
Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol-1 cm-1		-	-	-
Surface tension (mN m-1)		-	-	-

Degradation:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)	DT50 (typical)	-	-	-
	DT50 (lab at 20oC)	-	-	-
	DT50 (field)	-	-	-
	DT90 (lab at 20oC)	-	-	-
	DT90 (field)	-	-	-
	Note	Soil nutrient - main mode of degradation is via enzymatic mineralisation
Plant matrix DT50 (days)	Value	-	-	-
	Note	-
Aqueous photolysis DT50 (days) at pH 7	Value	-	-	-
	Note	-
Aqueous hydrolysis DT50 (days) at 20oC and pH 7	Value	-	-	-
	Note	-
Water-sediment DT50 (days)		-	-	-
Water phase only DT50 (days)		-	-	-

Soil adsorption and mobility:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Linear	Kd	-	F4	Very mobile
	Koc	14
	Notes and range	In high peat soils Koc ~ 0.79 mL/g
Freundlich	Kf	-	-	-
	Kfoc	-
	1/n	-
	Notes and range	-
pH sensitivity		No but adsorption increases with organic carbon

ECOTOXICOLOGY
for urea

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Bio-concentration factor	BCF (l kg-1)	Low risk	Q3 Based on LogP < 3	Low potential
	CT50 (days)	-		-
Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1)		> 8471	F4 Rat	Low
Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL	(mg kg-1)	-	-	-
	(ppm diet)	-		-
Birds - Acute LD50 (mg kg-1)		-	-	-
Birds - Short term dietary (LC50/LD50)		-	-	-
Fish - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1)		> 17500	O3 Poecilia reticulata	Low
Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC50 (mg l-1)		> 10000	O3 Daphnia magna	Low
Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg-1)		-	-	-
Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC50, biomass (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Non-target plants		-	-	-
		-	-	-
Algae - Acute 72 hour EC50, growth (mg l-1)		10.7	J3 Unknown species	Low
Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Honeybees	Contact acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1)	-	-	-
	Oral acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1)	-	-	-
	Unknown mode acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1)	-	-	-
Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC50 (mg kg-1)		-	-	-
Earthworms - Chronic 14 day NOEC, reproduction (mg kg-1)		-	-	-
Other soil macro-organisms - e.g. Collembola	LR50 / EC50 / NOEC / % Effect	-	-	-
Other arthropod (1)	LR50 g ha-1	-	-	-
	% Effect	-	-	-
Other arthropod (2)	LR50 g ha-1	-	-	-
	% Effect	-	-	-
Soil micro-organisms		-	-	-
Mesocosm study data	NOEAEC mg l-1	-	-	-
	NOEAEC mg l-1	-	-	-

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION
for urea

General:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)		Low (class I)	-	-
Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1)		> 8471	F4 Rat	Low
Mammals - Dermal LD50 (mg kg-1 body weight)		> 8200	O3 Rat	-
Mammals - Inhalation LC50 (mg l-1)		0.022	F3 (Dust exposure)	-
Other Mammal toxicity endpoints		-		-
ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg-1bw day-1)		None allocated	A5	-
ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg-1bw day-1)		None allocated	A5	-
AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg-1bw day-1)		None allocated	A5	-
Dermal penetration studies (%)		-	-	-
Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464		-	-	-
Exposure Limits		-	-	-
Exposure Routes	Public	-
	Occupational	-
European MRLs		Click here for the EU MRL pesticide database
Drinking Water MAC (μg l-1)		-	-	-

Health issues:

Carcinogen	Mutagen	Endocrine disrupter	Reproduction / development effects	Cholinesterase inhibitor	Neurotoxicant
	-	-
Respiratory tract irritant	Skin irritant	Skin sensitiser	Eye irritant	Phototoxicant
		-		-
General human health issues		May cause gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea May cause cardiac disturbances

: Yes, known to cause a problem
: No, known not to cause a problem
: Possibly, status not identified
- : No data found

Handling issues:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
General		May form explosive products with chlorinating substances
CLP classification 2013		None allocated at this time
EC Risk Classification		Carcinogen category 3: R40 Xi- Irritant: 36/37/38
EC Safety Classification		S24/25, S26, S36
WHO Classification		NL	-	Not listed
US EPA Classification (formulation)		-	-
UN Number		-
Waste disposal & packaging		-

TRANSLATIONS
for urea

Language	Name
English	urea
French	-
German	-
Danish	-
Italian	-
Spanish	-
Greek	-
Slovenian	-
Polish	-
Swedish	-
Hungarian	-
Dutch	-

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Record last updated: Friday 11 March 2016
Contact: aeru@herts.ac.uk