daminozide ** SADH ** DMASA ** Translations

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SUMMARY

Daminozide is a plant growth regulator that has regulatory approval for use in the EU and is also used in Australia and USA. It is highly soluble in water and volatile. Based on its chemical properties it is not expected to leach to groundwater. Data suggests it is not persistent in soil systems but can be persistent in some water systems. It is relatively non-toxic to mammals but has a high potential for bioaccumulation. Daminozide is a recognised irritant. It has a moderate toxicity to aquatic invertebrates and earthworms but is less harmful to birds, fish and honeybees.

GENERAL INFORMATION
for daminozide

Description: A hydrazide plant growth regulator for use in certain ornamentals in greenhouses, shade-houses and nurseries

Example pests controlled: Growth - internode elongation to produce more compact plants

Example applications: Ornamentals including azealeas, bedding plants and plugs, chrysanthemums, foliage plants, hydrangers; Tree fruit including peaches, cherries, prunes, pears

Efficacy & activity: Efficiacy supported by field trials that demonstrate it produces more robust plants.

Availability status: Current

Introduction & key dates: 1965

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414):

Status	Approved
Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur	Czech Republic/Hungary
Date inclusion expires	31/10/2020
EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)	No
Listed in EU database	Yes

Approved for use () or known to be used () in the following European countries:

AT

BE

BG

CY

CZ

DE

DK

EE

EL

ES

FI

FR

HR

HU

IE

IT

LT

LU

LV

MT

NL

PL

PT

RO

SE

SI

SK

UK

Also used in: Australia, USA

Chemical structure:

Isomerism	-
Chemical formula	C6H12N2O3
Canonical SMILES	CN(C)NC(=O)CCC(=O)O
Isomeric SMILES	No data
International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)	NOQGZXFMHARMLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International Chemical Identifier (InChI)	InChI=1S/C6H12N2O3/c1-8(2)7-5(9)3-4-6(10)11/h3-4H2,1-2H3,(H,7,9)(H,10,11)
2D structure diagram/image available?	Yes

General status:

Pesticide type	Plant growth regulator
Substance group	Unclassified
Minimum active substance purity	990 g/kg
Known relevant impurities	EU 2018 dossier - N-nitrosodimethylamine < 2.0 mg/kg; 1,1-dimethylhydrazide < 30 mg/kg
Substance origin	Synthetic
Mode of action	Absorbed via leaves, translocates throughout plant.
CAS RN	1596-84-5
EC number	216-485-9
CIPAC number	330
US EPA chemical code	035101
PubChem CID	15331
Molecular mass (g mol-1)	160.17
PIN (Preferred Identification Name)	4-(2,2-dimethylhydrazinyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid
IUPAC name	N-(dimethylamino)succinamic acid
CAS name	butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide)
Other status information	-
Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards	-
Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)	Not applicable
Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)	Not applicable
Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)	Not applicable
Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)	Not applicable
Examples of recorded resistance	-
Physical state	Off-white crystalline solid
Related substances & organisms	-

Formulations:

Property	Value
Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically	Certis Fine Chemtura Corp Uniroyal
Example products using this active	B-Nine SG Dazide Enhance
UK LERAP status	None
Formulation and application details	Often supplied as water soluble granules .

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
for daminozide

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Solubility - In water at 20oC (mg l-1)		128000	A5	High
Solubility - In organic solvents at 20oC (mg l-1)		270	A5 - Ethyl acetate	-
		1610	A5 - Acetone	-
		20	A5 - n-Hexane	-
		48000	A5 - Methanol	-
Melting point (oC)		153	A5	-
Boiling point (oC)		Decomposes before boiling	A5	-
Degradation point (oC)		142	A5	-
Flashpoint (oC)		Not expected to self ignite; Not highly flammable	A5	-
Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20oC	P	2.95 X 10-02	Calculated	-
	Log P	-1.53	A5	Low
Bulk density (g ml-1)/Specific gravity		1.3	A5	-
Dissociation constant (pKa) at 25oC		4.68	A5	-
		Note: Weak acid
Vapour pressure at 20oC (mPa)		1.5 X 10-03	A5	Low volatility
Henry's law constant at 25oC (Pa m3 mol-1)		1.0 X 10-09	A5	Non-volatile
GUS leaching potential index		-2.37	Calculated	Low leachability
SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l-1) for a 1 kg ha-1 or 1 l ha-1 application rate	Value	1.43 X 10-04	Calculated	-
	Note	-
Potential for particle bound transport index		-	Calculated	Low
Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol-1 cm-1		neutral pH: 191nm=6520 Acidic pH: 198nm=951 Basic pH: 192nm=6966	A5	-
Surface tension (mN m-1)		69.8	A5 at 25 degC, 0.1% solution.	-

Degradation:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
General biodegradability		Considered to be readily biodegradable
Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)	DT50 (typical)	0.12	A5	Non-persistent
	DT50 (lab at 20oC)	0.12	A5	Non-persistent
	DT50 (field)	-	-	-
	DT90 (lab at 20oC)	0.63	A5	-
	DT90 (field)	-	-	-
	DT50 modelling endpoint	0.12	A5 geometric mean	-
	Note	EU 2018 dossier lab studies DT50 (normalised) range 0.06-0.23 days, DT90 (measured) range 0.35-1.21 days, Soils=4; Other sources: DT50 21 days (US3), 21 days (DW4)
Dissipation rate RL50 on plant matrix	Value	-	-	-
	Note	-
Dissipation rate RL50 on and in plant matrix	Value	-	-	-
	Note	-
Aqueous photolysis DT50 (days) at pH 7	Value	149	A5	Stable
	Note	Not an important degradation route
Aqueous hydrolysis DT50 (days) at 20oC and pH 7	Value	Stable	A5	-
	Note	Stable pH 5 to pH 9
Water-sediment DT50 (days)		0.91	A5	Fast
Water phase only DT50 (days)		No data	A5	-

Soil adsorption and mobility:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Linear	Kd	-	-	-
	Koc	-
	Notes and range	-
Freundlich	Kf	0.25	A5	Mobile
	Kfoc	26.6
	1/n	1.27
	Notes and range	EU 2018 dossier Kf range 0.096-0.642 mL/g, Kfoc range 18.4-46.5 mL/g,, 1/N RANGE 1.107-1,368, Soils=4
pH sensitivity		No

Other known metabolites:

Metabolite name and reference	Aliases	Formation medium / Rate	Estimated maximum occurrence fraction	Metabolising enzymes
Unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine Note: Contaminant and metabolite	UDMH	Animal	-	-

ECOTOXICOLOGY
for daminozide

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Bio-concentration factor	BCF (l kg-1)	Low risk	A5 Based on LogP < 3	Low potential
	CT50 (days)	A5 Onion, Ryegrass, Wheat, Corn, Sugar beet, OSR		-
Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1)		> 5000	A5 Rat	Low
Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL	(mg kg-1)	80.5	A5 Rat	High
	(ppm diet)	-		-
Birds - Acute LD50 (mg kg-1)		> 2250	A5 Anas platyrhynchos	Low
Birds - Short term dietary (LC50/LD50)		> 10000 mg kg feed-1	A3 Unknown species	-
Fish - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1)		64	A5 Cyprinus carpio	Moderate
Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1)		1.7	A5 Pimephales promelas, 33 day	Moderate
Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC50 (mg l-1)		75.5	A5 Daphnia magna	Moderate
Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1)		> 1.7	A5 Daphnia magna	Moderate
Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1)		334	A3 Unknown species	Low
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg-1)		-	-	-
Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC50, biomass (mg l-1)		> 127	A4 Lemna gibba, 7 day NOEC	Low
Non-target plants		> 7.5	A5 Oat, Barley, Carrot, Radish, Cucumber, Bean Vegetative vigour, ER50 as kg/ha	-
		> 13.0	-	-
Algae - Acute 72 hour EC50, growth (mg l-1)		> 100	A5 Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata	Low
Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Honeybees (Apis spp.)	Contact acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee-1)	> 200	A5 Apis mellifera	Low
	Oral acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee-1)	> 200	A5 Apis mellifera	Low
	Unknown mode acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee-1)	-	-	-
Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)	Contact acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee-1)	-	-	-
		-
	Oral acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee-1)	-	-	-
		-
Mason bees (Osmia spp.)	Contact acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee-1)	-	-	-
	Oral acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee-1)	-	-	-
Other pollinators (1)	Acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect-1)	-	-	-
	Mode of exposure	-
Other pollinators (2)	Acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect-1)	-	-	-
	Mode of exposure	-
Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC50 (mg kg-1)		> 1000	A5 Eisenia foetida	Low
Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg-1)		684	A5 Eisenia foetida	Low
Other soil macro-organisms	Acute LC50 (mg kg-1)	-	-	-
	Chronic NOEC (mg kg-1)	-	-	-
Other arthropod (1)	LR50 g ha-1	8.5	> A5 Typhlodromus pyri	-
	% Effect	52.0	Total affect A5 Typhlodromus pyri, adult	-
Other arthropod (2)	LR50 g ha-1	8.5	> A5 Aphidius rhopalosiphi	-
	% Effect	12.5	Total effect A5 Aphidius rhopalosiphi, adult	-
Soil micro-organisms		Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect	A5 Dose: 20 kg formulation ha-1; 100 days	-
Mesocosm study data	NOEAEC mg l-1	-	-	-
	NOEAEC mg l-1	-	-	-

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION
for daminozide

General:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)		High (class III)	-	-
Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1)		> 5000	A5 Rat	Low
Mammals - Dermal LD50 (mg kg-1 body weight)		> 5000	A5 Rabbit	-
Mammals - Inhalation LC50 (mg l-1)		> 2.1	A5 Rat, 4 hr (nose only)	-
Other Mammal toxicity endpoints		-		-
ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg-1bw day-1)		0.25	A5 Rat, SF=200	-
ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg-1bw day-1)		None allocated	A5	-
AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg-1 bw day-1)		None allocated	A5	-
AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg-1bw day-1)		0..009	A5 Rat, SF=200	-
Dermal penetration studies (%)		0.2-1.9	A5 concentration dependent	-
Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464		-	-	-
Exposure Routes	Public	Acceptable risks for bystanders
	Occupational	Acceptable risks for operators and otherworkers
European MRLs		Click here for the EU MRL pesticide database
Drinking Water Standards		-	-	-
Drinking Water MAC (μg l-1)		-	-	-

Health issues:

Carcinogen	Genotoxic	Endocrine disrupter	Reproduction / development effects	Cholinesterase inhibitor	Neurotoxicant
	A3; B0; C0; D0; E3
Respiratory tract irritant	Skin irritant	Skin sensitiser	Eye irritant	Phototoxicant
-				-
General human health issues		USEPA - probable human carcinogen; EFSA Carc. IB
Key: Genotoxicity A: Chromosome aberration (EFSA database) B: DNA damage/repair (EFSA database) C: Gene mutation (EFSA database) D: Genome mutation (EFSA database) E: Unspecified genotoxicity type (miscellaneous data source) 0: No data 1: Positive 2: Mixed/ambiguous results 3: Negative			Key: Other : Yes, known to cause a problem : No, known not to cause a problem : Possibly, status not identified - : No data found

Handling issues:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
General		Not explosive or an oxidiser
CLP classification 2013		Health: H315, H319
EC Risk Classification		-
EC Safety Classification		-
WHO Classification		U	-	Unlikely to present an acute hazard
UN Number		-
Waste disposal & packaging		-

TRANSLATIONS
for daminozide

Language	Name
English	daminozide
French	daminozide
German	Daminozid
Danish	daminozide
Italian	daminozide
Spanish	daminozida
Greek	-
Slovenian	daminozid
Polish	daminozyd
Swedish	daminozid
Hungarian	daminozide
Dutch	-

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Record last updated: Wednesday 11 March 2020
Contact: aeru@herts.ac.uk