1,4-dimethylnaphthalene

1,4-dimethylnaphthalene	Last updated: 12/01/2021
(Also known as: 1,4-DMN; DMN)

SUMMARY

1,4-dimethylnaphthalene is a growth inhibitor used on potatoes awaiting EU approval for use. It has a very low aqueous solubility and is highly volatile.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

Substance used to enhance dormancy asnd retard sprouting in harvested potatoes

Example pests controlled

Sprout development

Example applications

Potatoes

Efficacy & activity

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status

Approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

30/06/2024

UK LERAP status

None

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Netherlands

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

30/06/2024

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece
✓	✓				✓
ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg
					✓			✓
LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia
		✓

Also used in

Chemical structure

Isomerism

Chemical formula

C₁₂H₁₂

Canonical SMILES

CC1=CC=C(C2=CC=CC=C12)C

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

APQSQLNWAIULLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C12H12/c1-9-7-8-10(2)12-6-4-3-5-11(9)12/h3-8H,1-2H3

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Growth inhibitor

Substance group

Unclassified

Minimum active substance purity

>980 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

EU dossier - none declared

Substance origin

Natural

Mode of action

Mode of action is unclear

CAS RN

571-58-4

EC number

209-335-9

CIPAC number

822

US EPA chemical code

055802

PubChem CID

11304

Molecular mass

156.23

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

IUPAC name

1,4-dimethylnaphthalene

CAS name

1,4-dimethylnaphthalene

Other status information

Possible groundwater contaminant

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

Pale yellow liquid

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

1,4SIGHT

Example products using this active

Dormfresh Ltd

Formulation and application details

Formulated for hot dipping or cold fogging harvested potatoes

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

5.1

Low

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

250000

Methanol

250000

Ethyl acetate

250000

Acetone

239000

n-Heptane

Melting point (°C)

1.0

Boiling point (°C)

264

Degradation point (°C)

Flashpoint (°C)

122

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

2.34 X 10⁰⁴

Calculated

Log P

4.37

High

Bulk density (g ml⁻¹)

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Not applicable

No dissociation

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

2500

Highly volatile

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

76.7

Moderately volatile

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Neutral: 289nm=7250, 300nm=5110
Acidic: 289nm=7330, 299nm=5180
Basic: 289nm=7340, 299nm=5210

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

40.7

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on and in plant matrix

Value

Note

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Note

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d

K_oc

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f

K_foc

¹/_n

Notes and range

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

Cannot be calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Potential for loss via drain flow

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Metabolising enzymes

1,4-dimethylnaphthol

1,4-DMN metabolite 21

Plants; Rat

4-methyl-1-naphtoic acid

Poultry; Animal

glycine conjugate

Animal

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

5751

High potential

CT₅₀ (days)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

2730

Rat

Low

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.67

Oncorhnchus mykiss

Moderate

Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.09

Oncorhnchus mykiss

Moderate

Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.54

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.16

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

0.15

Lemna gibba

Moderate

Non-target plants

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

0.62

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Moderate

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other pollinators (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other pollinators (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Other soil macro-organisms

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Other arthropod (1)

LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

% Effect

Other arthropod (2)

LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

% Effect

Soil micro-organisms

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

2730

Rat

Low

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

2000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 4.16

Rat

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.1

Rat SF=100

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

None allocated

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.32

Rat SF=100

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Acceptable for proposed uses

Occupational

Acceptable for proposed uses

European MRLs

EU MRL pesticide database

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

No data found

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

No data found

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

No further information available

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not oxidising or explosive

CLP classification 2013

EC Risk Classification

Xi - Irritant: R36
N - Dangerous for the environment: R50, R53

EC Safety Classification

WHO Classification

NL (Not listed)

UN Number

Waste disposal & packaging

TRANSLATIONS

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English

1,4-dimethylnaphthalene

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Record last updated:	12/01/2021
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242