Boscalid (Ref: BAS 510F)

Boscalid (Ref: BAS 510F)	Last updated: 14/01/2023
(Also known as: nicobifen; BAS 510)

SUMMARY

Boscalid is a broad spectrum carboximide fungicide. It hs a low aqueous solubility and is not volatile. It can be very persistent in both soil and aquatic systems depending upon local conditions. There is some risk of leaching to groundwater. It is moderately toxic to most fauna and flors although risk is low for honey bees. Boscalid has a low oral mammalian toxicity.

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate High alert: Persistent	Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Birds chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate; Fish acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Fish chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate; Daphnia acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Daphnia chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate; Earthworms acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Earthworms chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate	Human health Moderate alert: Possible Carcinogen; Possible Reproduction/development effects

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A fungicide active against a broad range of fungal pathogens in a wide range of crops including vegetables and other crops

Example pests controlled

Alternaria blight; Botrytis; Powdery mildew; Purple blotch; Rust; Leaf spot; Target spot; Grey mould; Stem rot

Example applications

Vegetables including beans, brassicas, onions, garlic, shallots, peas, carrots, turnips; Soybeans; Fruits including grapes, apples, pears, strawberries; Tree nuts

Efficacy & activity

Soybean/Brown spot=High; Soybean/White mould=Moderate

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

2002, Chile, Korea and UK; 2003, USA

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status

Approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

31/07/2024

UK LERAP status

Cat A

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Slovakia/France

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

31/07/2023

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece
✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg
✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia
✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

Additional information

Also used in

Australia; USA, Signum

Chemical structure

Isomerism

None

Chemical formula

C₁₈H₁₂Cl₂N₂O

Canonical SMILES

C1=CC=C(C(=C1)C2=CC=C(C=C2)Cl)NC(=O)C3=C(N=CC=C3)Cl

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

WYEMLYFITZORAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C18H12Cl2N2O/c19-13-9-7-12(8-10-13)14-4-1-2-6-16(14)22-18(23)15-5-3-11-21-17(15)20/h1-11H,(H,22,23)/f/h22H

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
boscalid	-

General status

Pesticide type

Fungicide

Substance groups

Carboxamide fungicide; Anilide fungicide; Pyridine fungicide

Minimum active substance purity

960 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

EU dossier - none declared

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Protectant, foliar absorption, translocates, inhibits spore germination and germ tude elongation. Succinate DeHydrogenase Inhibitor.

CAS RN

188425-85-6

EC number

606-143-0

CIPAC number

673

US EPA chemical code

128008

PubChem CID

213013

CLP index number

No data found

Molecular mass

343.21

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

2-chloro-N-(4'-chloro[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide

IUPAC name

2-chloro-N-(4'-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)nicotinamide

CAS name

2-chloro-N-(4'-chloro[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

White crystalline powder

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

BASF
Goldengrass

Example products using this active

Filan
Signum
Splice
Tracker
Venture
Emerald
Bosco WG

Formulation and application details

Often supplied as soluble granules which are mixed with water and applied as a spray

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

4.6

Low

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

22500

Toluene

10000

1-Octanol

45000

Methanol

180000

Acetone

Melting point (°C)

140

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

300

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

9.12 X 10⁰²

Calculated

Log P

2.96

Moderate

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Soluble

Data type

Observed in metabolism and farm animal feeding studies

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.381

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Not applicable

No dissociation

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

0.00072

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

5.18 X 10^-05

Non-volatile

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

207nm = 31534, 228nm= 19834, 290nm = 1529, 300nm = 531

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

73.6

20 °C

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Not readily biodegradable

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

484.4

Very persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

484.4

Very persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

254

Persistent

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

442

Very persistent

DT₉₀ (field)

1000

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

EU 2018 dossier lab studies DT₅₀ (normalised) range 103.3-1214.4 days, Soils=9; field studies DT₅₀ (normalised) range 196-312.2 days, DT₉₀ (actual) >1000 days; Other Literature values DT₅₀ range 27 to 372 days (R3)

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on plant matrix

Value

6.9

Note

Published literature RL₅₀ range 5.3-8.5 days, 2 field crops, various matrices, n=2

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on and in plant matrix

Value

5.5

Note

Published literature RL₅₀ range 1.3-11.0 days, 5 field and undercover grown crops, various matrices, n=8

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Not a significant degradation route

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Stable pH 4 to pH 9

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

545

Stable

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Moderately fast

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d

K_oc

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f

12.6

Slightly mobile

K_foc

772

¹/_n

0.864

Notes and range

EU dossier K_f range 3.3-27.8 mL g⁻¹, K_foc range 507-1110 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 0.839-0.887, Soils=6

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

2.68

Calculated

Transition state

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

2.14 X 10^-01

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Medium

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Slightly mobile

Calculated

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

107

range 89-125

Threshold for concern

CT₅₀ (days)

1.0

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

N-(4-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)-2-hydroxynicotinamide (Ref: M510F49)

Major fraction

0.145

Known groundwater metabolites

Metabolite

EC SANCO/221/2000 relevancy

ADI (mg kg⁻¹ bodyweight day⁻¹)

WHO drinking water guidance value (μg L⁻¹)

N-(4-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)-2-hydroxynicotinamide (Ref: M510F49)

Not relevant

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Metabolising enzymes

4-chlorobenzoic acid

M510F64

Surface water

2-chloronicotinic acid

M510F47

Surface water

2-chloro-N-(4’-chloro-5-hydroxybiphenyl-2-yl)nicotinamide

M510F01

Animal; Milk; Eggs; Surface water

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 5000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

Rat

High

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

1165

Rat Reproductive NOAEL

Low

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2000

Colinus virginianus

Low

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

> 5000 ppm

Colinus virginianus

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

25.4

Colinius virginianus NOEL

Moderate

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 500

Eisenia foetida corr

Moderate

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

1.197

Eisenia foetida corr

Moderate

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect
Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect

Dose: 6 kg ha⁻¹

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

> 1000

Folsomia candida

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 200

Apis mellifera

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 166

Apis mellifera

Low

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic as 10-day LDD₅₀ µg bee⁻¹ day⁻¹

> 150.9

Apis mellifera

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other pollinators (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other pollinators (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 2400

Chrysoperla carnea

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 3600

Aphidius rhopalosiphi

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 3600

Typhlodromus pyri

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 2400

Poecilus cupreus

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

2.7

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.125

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

5.33

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

1.3

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

1.0

Chironomus riparius

Moderate

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

23.3

Chironomus riparius

Moderate

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

> 3.9

Lemna gibba

Moderate

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

3.75

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Moderate

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 5000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

2000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 6.7

Rat 4 hr (nose only)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.04

Rat SF=100; B; EU 2008

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

Not allocated

EU 2008

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

Not allocated

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.1

Dog SF=44; B; EU 2008

Dermal penetration studies (%)

2-7

concentration dependent

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Acceptable for intended risks

Occupational

Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation and dermal contact

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

General human health issues

Liver and thyroid toxicant
USEPA - some evidence to suggest possible human carcinogen

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not explosive or oxidising
IMDG Transport Code is usually 9
Not expected to autoignite; Not highly flammable

CLP classification 2013

Environment: H400, 410

WHO Classification

U (Unlikely to present an acute hazard)

UN Number

Usually 3077

Waste disposal & packaging

Packaging Group III (minor danger)

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

boscalid

French

boscalid

German

Boscalid

Danish

boscalid

Italian

boscalid

Spanish

boscalid

Greek

Polish

boskalid

Swedish

boskalid

Hungarian

Dutch

boscalid

Record last updated:	14/01/2023
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242