Reduce leaching losses of nitrogen to water Reduce nitrogen mineralisation Minimal tillage
Zero tillage
Increase soil organic matter on arable land Incorporate crop residues Minimal tillage
Zero tillage
Do not burn crop residues
Include a grass/clover ley during the rotation
Incorporation of FYM into arable land
Reduce soil organic carbon oxidation on arable land Convert grassland to arable (by ploughing)
Zero tillage
Minimal tillage
Drain and cultivate peat soils
Arable land is left with a rough surface following operations such as ploughing, discing or tine cultivation
Reduce cultivations Convert arable land to extensive grassland
Zero tillage
Minimal tillage
Increase nitrogen immobilisation Increase vegetative uptake of nutrients by arable crops Cover crop after harvest through the winter
Improve soil structure on arable land Minimal tillage
Zero tillage
Undertake mechanical field operations on arable land when the soil is waterlogged
Loosen compacted soil layers on arable land Shallow spiking, slitting or subsoiling
Avoid mechanical field operations on arable land when the soil is waterlogged
Increase soil organic matter on arable land Incorporate crop residues Minimal tillage
Zero tillage
Do not burn crop residues
Include a grass/clover ley during the rotation
Incorporation of FYM into arable land
Reduce soil organic carbon oxidation on arable land Convert grassland to arable (by ploughing)
Zero tillage
Minimal tillage
Drain and cultivate peat soils
Cover crop after harvest through the winter
Improve arable crop establishment Arable land is left with a rough surface following operations such as ploughing, discing or tine cultivation
Improve arable crop nutrition Accurate calculation of nutrient requirements of arable crops
Predict crop nutrient requirements using canopy management or chlorophyll testing
Convert arable land to extensive grassland
Increase vegetative uptake of nutrients by grassland Improve soil structure on grassland Undertake mechanical field operations on grassland when the soil is waterlogged
Increase soil organic matter on grassland
Loosen compacted soil layers on grassland
Avoid mechanical field operations on grassland when the soil is waterlogged
Reduced excess nitrogen accumulation in arable soils Increase vegetative uptake of nutrients by arable crops Cover crop after harvest through the winter
Improve soil structure on arable land Minimal tillage
Zero tillage
Undertake mechanical field operations on arable land when the soil is waterlogged
Loosen compacted soil layers on arable land Shallow spiking, slitting or subsoiling
Avoid mechanical field operations on arable land when the soil is waterlogged
Increase soil organic matter on arable land Incorporate crop residues Minimal tillage
Zero tillage
Do not burn crop residues
Include a grass/clover ley during the rotation
Incorporation of FYM into arable land
Reduce soil organic carbon oxidation on arable land Convert grassland to arable (by ploughing)
Zero tillage
Minimal tillage
Drain and cultivate peat soils
Cover crop after harvest through the winter
Improve arable crop establishment Arable land is left with a rough surface following operations such as ploughing, discing or tine cultivation
Improve arable crop nutrition Accurate calculation of nutrient requirements of arable crops
Predict crop nutrient requirements using canopy management or chlorophyll testing
Convert arable land to extensive grassland
Apply nitrogen in excess of arable crop requirements
Solid poultry manure used on arable farms that does not have bedding mixed into it is covered with an impermeable material
Do not locate field manure heaps on arable land in the same place as an earlier one constructed within the last two years
Do not locate field manure heaps in any single position on arable land for more than 12 consecutive months
Restrict applications of nutrients to arable crops when plant uptake is low
Reduce nutrient inputs to arable land Place limits the amount of nitrogen applied to arable crops
Do not use manufactured nitrogen fertiliser
Accurate application of nutrients to arable crops Calibrate fertiliser spreader used on arable land
Accurate calculation of nutrients available in livestock manure used on arable crops
Accurate spreading of fertiliser on arable land
Regular soil nutrient testing on arable land
Predict crop nutrient requirements using canopy management or chlorophyll testing
Accurate calculation of nutrient requirements of arable crops
Convert arable land to extensive grassland
Accurate application of nutrients to arable crops Calibrate fertiliser spreader used on arable land
Accurate calculation of nutrients available in livestock manure used on arable crops
Accurate spreading of fertiliser on arable land
Regular soil nutrient testing on arable land
Predict crop nutrient requirements using canopy management or chlorophyll testing
Accurate calculation of nutrient requirements of arable crops
Reduced excess nitrogen accumulation in grassland soils Apply nitrogen in excess of grassland requirements
Increase vegetative uptake of nutrients by grassland Improve soil structure on grassland Undertake mechanical field operations on grassland when the soil is waterlogged
Increase soil organic matter on grassland
Loosen compacted soil layers on grassland
Avoid mechanical field operations on grassland when the soil is waterlogged
Accurate application of nutrients to grassland Accurate calculation of nutrient requirements of grass/forage crops
Calibrate fertiliser spreader used on grassland
Regular soil nutrient testing on grassland
Accurate spreading of fertiliser on grassland
Accurate calculation of nutrients available in livestock manure used on grassland
Reduce nutrient inputs to grassland Do not use manufactured nitrogen fertiliser
Place limits the amount of nitrogen applied to grassland
Accurate application of nutrients to grassland Accurate calculation of nutrient requirements of grass/forage crops
Calibrate fertiliser spreader used on grassland
Regular soil nutrient testing on grassland
Accurate spreading of fertiliser on grassland
Accurate calculation of nutrients available in livestock manure used on grassland
Reduce manure / urine deposition in fields Reduce manure production Increase number of ruminant livestock Convert arable land to extensive grassland
Reduce livestock stocking rates
Reduce the length of the grazing day or grazing season
Restrict applications of nutrients to grassland when plant uptake is low
Do not locate field manure heaps in any single position on grassland for more than 12 consecutive months
Do not locate field manure heaps on grassland in the same place as an earlier one constructed within the last two years
Solid poultry manure used on grassland farms that does not have bedding mixed into it is covered with an impermeable material
Do not use manufactured nitrogen fertiliser