Lower nitrous oxide emissions from soil

Reduce nitrogen mineralisation

Minimal tillage

Zero tillage

Increase soil organic matter on arable land

Incorporate crop residues

Minimal tillage

Zero tillage

Do not burn crop residues

Include a grass/clover ley during the rotation

Incorporation of FYM into arable land

Reduce soil organic carbon oxidation on arable land

Convert grassland to arable (by ploughing)

Zero tillage

Minimal tillage

Drain and cultivate peat soils

Arable land is left with a rough surface following operations such as ploughing, discing or tine cultivation

Reduce cultivations

Convert arable land to extensive grassland

Zero tillage

Minimal tillage

Decrease denitrification

Soil remains aerobic

Reduce soil compaction

Avoid tramlines over winter

Use low ground pressure tyres/wheels on machinery

Zero tillage

Undertake mechanical field operations on arable land when the soil is waterlogged

Avoid mechanical field operations on arable land when the soil is waterlogged

Reduced poaching by livestock

Regularly change the position of supplementary feeders

Reduce overflows from livestock water troughs

Ball-valves on livestock water troughs are damaged and/or not correctly set

Ensure ball-valves on livestock water troughs are not damaged and are correctly set

Avoid unsuitable supplementary feeding

Reduce livestock stocking rates

Convert grassland to arable (by ploughing)