Xylazine hydrochloride

Xylazine hydrochloride	Last updated: 04/08/2022
(Also known as: xylene HCl; BAY 1470 hydrochloride; xylazine chloride )

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
	Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Daphnia acute ecotoxicity: Moderate Warning: Significant data are missing	Human health High alert: Neurotoxicant

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

Drug used to produce sedation and short periods of analgesia in a range of animals

Availability status

Introduction & key dates

1962, first synthesised

Examples of species treated

Horses, Cattle, Elephants, Deer, Cats, Dogs, Sheep, Goats, Hedgehogs, Other farm livestock and zoo animals

Chemical structure

Isomerism

Chemical formula

C₁₂H₁₇ClN₂S

Canonical SMILES

c1(C)c(NC=2SCCCN2)c(ccc1)C.Cl

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

QYEFBJRXKKSABU-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C12H16N2S.ClH/c1-9-5-3-6-10(2)11(9)14-12-13-7-4-8-15-12;/h3,5-6H,4,7-8H2,1-2H3,(H,13,14);1H

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
xylazine hydrochloride monohydrate	monohydrate

General status

Veterinary substance type

Sedative, Anesthestic, Analgesis, Muscle relaxant, Medicinal drug

Substance groups

Clonidine analoque

Minimum active substance purity

>99%

Known relevant impurities

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Inhibits the effects of postganglionic nerve stimulation.

Molecular targets

[alpha-2-adrenergic, agonist]

CAS RN

23076-35-9

EC number

245-417-0

CIPAC number

US EPA chemical code

PubChem CID

ATCvet Code

QN05CM92

Therapeutic Class

Nervous system: Psycholeptics

Controlled Drug?

Regulation 37/2010 MRL Classification

Allowed substance (Table 1: Bovine, Equidae)

Molecular mass

256.79

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

IUPAC name

2-(2,6-xylidino)-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazine hydrochloride

CAS name

N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazine-2-amine hydrochloride

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Physical state

White crystalline solid

Formulations

Property

Product

Manufacturer

Authorisation Route

UK Legal Class

Example products using this active

Rompun 2% w/v solution for injection

Bayer plc

UK National authorisation

Prescription only medicine to be authorised by a veterinarian (POM-V)

Rompun dry substance 500mg powder and solvent for injection

Bayer plc

UK National authorisation

Prescription only medicine to be authorised by a veterinarian (POM-V)

Sedaxylan 20 mg/ml solution for injection

Eurovet Animal Health BV

EU Mutually recognised procedure

Prescription only medicine to be authorised by a veterinarian (POM-V)

Xylapan 20mg solution for injection

Vetoquinol UK Ltd

UK National authorisation

Prescription only medicine to be authorised by a veterinarian (POM-V)

Formulation and application details

Usually supplied in solution for injection or as a powder to be prepared as a solution

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

Melting point (°C)

164

Boiling point (°C)

Degradation point (°C)

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

Log P

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Data type

Density (g ml⁻¹)

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Refractive Index

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

Note

Manure DT₅₀ (days)

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Note

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d

K_oc

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f

K_foc

¹/_n

Notes and range

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

CT₅₀ (days)

Known soil and groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Metabolising enzymes

1-amino-2,6-dimethylbenzene

2,6-xylidine

Cattle (Urine)

2-(4'-hydroxy-2',6'-di-methylphenylamino)-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazine

Horses; Rats (liver)

2-(3'-hydroxy-2',6'-dimethylphenylamino)-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazine

Horses; Rats (liver)

N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)thiourea

Horses; Rats (liver)

2-(2',6'-dimethylphenylamino)-4-oxo-5,6-dihydro-1,3-thiazine

Horses; Rats (liver)

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 109

Mouse

Moderate

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Soil micro-organisms

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps)

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites)

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 18.0

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 109

Mouse

Moderate

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

Subcutaneous TDLo = 0.029 mL kg⁻¹

Mouse

Intramuscular TDLo = 109 mg kg⁻¹

Mouse

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Occupational

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Extensive metabolism occurs with <1% unchanged being eliminated via urine in the first two hours after administration

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

No data found

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

No data found

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

Possible liver toxicant
Adverse effects of xylazine in animals include muscle tremors, seizures and slowed heart rate
May cause vomiting

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

No information available

CLP classification 2013

WHO Classification

Not listed (Not listed)

UN Number

Waste disposal & packaging

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

xylazine hydrochloride

French

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Italian

Spanish

Greek

Polish

Swedish

Hungarian

Dutch

Norwegian

Record last updated:	04/08/2022
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242