Morphine

Morphine	Last updated: 21/04/2021
(Not known by any other names)

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
	Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Fish chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate Warning: Significant data are missing	Human health High alert: Reproduction/development effects; Neurotoxicant

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A human and veterinary opiate type drug used primarily to treat both acute and chronic severe pain. Often used as the sulphate salt.

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

Examples of species treated

Dogs; Cats; Horses; Primates

Chemical structure

Isomerism

No data

Chemical formula

C₁₇H₁₉NO₃

Canonical SMILES

CN1CCC23C4C1CC5=C2C(=C(C=C5)O)OC3C(C=C4)O

Isomeric SMILES

CN1CC[C@]23[C@@H]4[C@H]1CC5=C2C(=C(C=C5)O)O[C@H]3[C@H](C=C4)O

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

BQJCRHHNABKAKU-KBQPJGBKSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C17H19NO3/c1-18-7-6-17-10-3-5-13(20)16(17)21-15-12(19)4-2-9(14(15)17)8-11(10)18/h2-5,10-11,13,16,19-20H,6-8H2,1H3/t10-,11+,13-,16-,17-/m0/s1

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
morphine	-

General status

Veterinary substance type

Medicinal drug: narcotic, analgesic

Substance groups

Morphinan

Minimum active substance purity

Known relevant impurities

Substance origin

Natural

Mode of action

Morphine acts on a specific receptor of nerve cells.

Molecular targets

[Mu-type opioid receptor, Agonist], [Kappa-type opioid receptor, Agonist], [Delta-type opioid receptor, Agonist]

CAS RN

57-27-2

EC number

200-320-2

CIPAC number

US EPA chemical code

PubChem CID

ATCvet Code

QN02AA01

Therapeutic Class

Natural opium alkaloids

Controlled Drug?

Regulation 37/2010 MRL Classification

Molecular mass

285.34

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

(5α,6α)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol

IUPAC name

(5α,6α)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol

CAS name

(5R,6S,9R,13S,14R)-4,5-epoxy-N-methyl-7-morphinen-3,6-diol

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Physical state

White crystalline, odourless solid

Formulations

Property

Product

Manufacturer

Authorisation Route

UK Legal Class

Example products using this active

Apometic 10 mg/ml

Forum Products Limited

UK National authorisation (limited MA)

Prescription only medicine to be authorised by a veterinarian (POM-V)

EMEDOG 1 mg/ml Solution

Laboratoire TVM

EU Mutually recognised procedure

Prescription only medicine to be authorised by a veterinarian (POM-V)

Formulation and application details

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

149

Moderate

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

Melting point (°C)

190

Sublimes

Boiling point (°C)

Degradation point (°C)

250

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

7.76 X 10⁰⁰

Calculated

Log P

0.89

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Data type

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.32

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

8.21

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Acid: max @ 285nm
Alkali: max @ 298nm

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Refractive Index

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

Note

Manure DT₅₀ (days)

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Note

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d

K_oc

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f

K_foc

¹/_n

Notes and range

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

CT₅₀ (days)

Known metabolites

None

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

461

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Soil micro-organisms

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps)

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites)

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

1.0

Danio rerio 14 day

Moderate

Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

461

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

Intraperitoneal LD₅₀ = 100 mg kg⁻¹

Rat

Intravenous LD₅₀ = 140 mg kg⁻¹

Rat

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Occupational

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Hepatic metabolism

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

No data found

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

CNS toxicant
May cause low blood pressure, drowsiness, vomiting and constipation
May be fatal if swallowed in high doses

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Will emits toxic fumes of nitrogen oxide when heated to decomposition
Dust may form explosive mixture with air
Incompatible with alkalies, lead acetate, chlorides, strong oxidising agents, ferric salts & iodides

CLP classification 2013

WHO Classification

UN Number

Waste disposal & packaging

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

morphine

French

German

Morphin

Danish

Italian

morfina

Spanish

morphin

Greek

Polish

Swedish

Hungarian

Dutch

Record last updated:	21/04/2021
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242