Ryanodine

Ryanodine	Last updated: 22/08/2024
(Also known as: ryania extract; bonide ryatox; ryanocide; ryania)

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
	Ecotoxicity High alert: Daphnia acute ecotoxicity: High	Human health Moderate alert: Mammals acute toxicity: Moderate; Neurotoxicant

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

Plant derived alkaloid that has insecticidal properties and used to control insect pests on fruit and some other crops

Example pests controlled

Codling moth; European corn borer; Citrus thrips

Example applications

Maize; Top fruit; Citrus fruit

Efficacy & activity

Appearance and life cycle

Availability status

Considered obsolete but may be available in some countries

Introduction & key dates

1940s discovered, 1968; first registered USA

Taxonomic classification

GB regulatory status

GB COPR regulatory status

Not approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

Not applicable

GB LERAP status

No UK approval for use as a pesticide

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Not approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Not applicable

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Not applicable

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Not applicable

Listed in EU database

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece

ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg

LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Known to be also used in the following countries

Chemical structure

Isomerism

Ryanodine is a chiral molecule with three structural isomers

Chemical formula

C₂₅H₃₅NO₉

Canonical SMILES

CC1CCC2(C3(CC4(C5(C(C(C3(C5(C2(C1O)O4)O)O)OC(=O)C6=CC=CN6)(C(C)C)O)C)O)C)O

Isomeric SMILES

C[C@H]1CC[C@@]2([C@@]3(C[C@]4([C@@]5([C@]([C@H]([C@@]3([C@]5([C@]2([C@@H]1O)O4)O)O)OC(=O)C6=CC=CN6)(C(C)C)O)C)O)C)O

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

JJSYXNQGLHBRRK-SFEDZAPPSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1/C25H35NO9/c1-12(2)22(31)17(34-16(28)14-7-6-10-26-14)23(32)18(4)11-21(30)19(22,5)25(23,33)24(35-21)15(27)13(3)8-9-20(18,24)29/h6-7,10,12-13,15,17,26-27,29-33H,8-9,11H2,1-5H3/t13-,15+,17+,18-,19-,20-,21-,22+,23+,24+,25+/m0/s1

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Biopesticide type

Insecticide

Substance groups

Plant-derived substance

Minimum active substance purity

Known relevant impurities

Substance origin

Natural

Mode of action

Thought to effect muscle movement by binding to the calcium channels in the sarcoplastic reticulum that eventually leads to death

Substance source

An alkaloid orginially extracted from the stems of various Ryania species including Ryania speciosa which are found in tropical America

Substance production

Extracted directly from ground plant stems

Uses

Crop protection

Target pests

Codling moth; European corn borer; Citrus thrips

Target host

Maize; Top fruit; Citrus fruit

Farming system suitability

Suitable for use in all farming systems where approved for use in that country

CAS RN

15662-33-6

Alternative/old CAS RN

8047-13-0; 1361-01-9; 1580-06-9; 25800-57-1; 15800-60-9; 94513-55-0

EC number

239-732-2

CIPAC number

US EPA chemical code

8047-13-0

PubChem CID

Molecular mass

493.61

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

IUPAC name

1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, (3S,4R,4aR,6S,7S,8R,8aS,8bR,9S,9aS)-dodecahydro-4,6,7,8a,8b,9a-hexahydroxy-3,6a,9-trimethyl-7-(1-methylethyl)-6,9-methanobenzo[1,2]pentaleno[1,6-bc]furan-8-yl ester

CAS name

3-(1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate) ryanodol

Other status information

1945 Patent No. 2,400,295

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Not known

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

White to off-white solid

Related substances & organisms

strychnine

9,21-didehydroryanodine

ryania

Formulations

Property

Product

Manufacturer

Example products

Natur-Gro R50

AgriSystems international

Ryan 50

Dunhill Chemicals

Formulation and application details

Usually supplied as a water dispersible powder and applied during insect attack

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

16000

High

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

29000

DMSO

Melting point (°C)

219

Boiling point (°C)

Degradation point (°C)

426

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

5.62 X 10⁰¹

Calculated

Log P

1.75

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Data type

Density (g ml⁻¹)

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

Note

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Note

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Sediment phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

¹/_n

Notes and range

pH sensitivity

Known soil and groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

anhydroxyanodine

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 1200

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2250

Colinus virginianus

Low

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

3160 ppm

Colinus virginianus NOEL

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Soil micro-organisms

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 104

Low

Chronic

Notes

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps)

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites)

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 15.7

Lepomis macrochirus

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.044

Daphnia magna

High

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

Marine bivalves

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 1200

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

5000

Rabbit

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 5.1

Rat

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

Intraperitoneal LD₅₀ = 0.32 mg kg⁻¹

Rat

Intravenous LDLo = 0.02 mg kg⁻¹

Rabbit

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Occupational

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

No data found

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

No data found

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

May cause muscle weakness
Possible lung, thorax and respiratory system toxicant
May cause gastrointestinal problems

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

IMDG Transport Hazard Class 6.1

CLP classification 2013

WHO Classification

Not classified: Obsolete (Not classified: Obsolete)

UN Number

UN1544

Waste disposal & packaging

Packaging Group III (minor danger)

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

ryanodine

French

ryanodine

German

Ryanodin

Danish

Italian

Spanish

Greek

Polish

rianodyna

Swedish

Hungarian

rianodin

Dutch

ryanodine

Norwegian

Record last updated:	22/08/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242