Dichlorvos (Ref: OMS 14)

Dichlorvos (Ref: OMS 14)	Last updated: 13/11/2024
(Also known as: DDVP; dichlorfos; DDVF; denkavepon; vapona)

SUMMARY

Dichlorvos is an organophosphate fumigant insecticide. It has a high aqueous solubility, quite volatile and, based on its chemical properties, is unlikely to leach to groundwater. It is not usually persistent in soils or water. It is highly toxic to mammals and has a high tendency to bioaccumulate. Dichlorvos is also a probable mutagen, a neurotoxin and may damage reproduction and/or development. It is considered to be an acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor. It has a moderate to high toxicity to most biodiversity including honeybees.

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate High alert: Drainflow: Mobile	Ecotoxicity High alert: Birds acute ecotoxicity: High; Daphnia acute ecotoxicity: High; Bees acute contact ecotoxicity: High; Bees acute oral ecotoxicity: High	Human health High alert: Mammals acute toxicity: High; Genotoxic; Endocrine disrupter; Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor; Neurotoxicant

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A contact and fumigant insecticide used in a range of crop and non-crop situations. Can also be a pesticide transformation product

Example pests controlled

Grain beetle; Flour beetle; Weevils; Grain borer; Flies; Mosquitoes; Cockroaches; Aphids; Thrips

Example applications

Stored cereal grains; Farm buildings; Non-agricultural sites including wineries, factories

Efficacy & activity

Not applicable

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

1959, introduced

GB regulatory status

GB COPR regulatory status

Not approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

Expired

GB LERAP status

No UK approval for use as a pesticide

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Not approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Italy

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Expired

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Not applicable

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece

ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg

LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Also used in

Chemical structure

Isomerism

None

Chemical formula

C₄H₇C₁₂O₄P

Canonical SMILES

COP(=O)(OC)OC=C(Cl)Cl

Isomeric SMILES

O=P(O\C=C(/Cl)Cl)(OC)OC

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

OEBRKCOSUFCWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C4H7Cl2O4P/c1-8-11(7,9-2)10-3-4(5)6/h3H,1-2H3

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Insecticide, Acaricide, Metabolite

Metabolite Type

Soil

Substance groups

Organophosphate insectcide; Organophosphate acaricide

Minimum active substance purity

950 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

EU dossier - Chloral (trichloroacetaldehyde) 5 g kg⁻¹

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Respiratory, contact and stomach action. Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitor.

CAS RN

62-73-7

EC number

200-547-7

CIPAC number

US EPA chemical code

084001

PubChem CID

3039

CLP index number

015-019-00-X

Molecular mass

220.98

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

2,2-dichloroethenyl dimethyl phosphate

IUPAC name

2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate

CAS name

2,2-dichloroethenyl dimethyl phosphate

Other status information

Severe Marine Pollutant; Evidence of use in third world countries; Chemical subject to PIC regulations; Subject to the provisions of the UK Poisons Act 1972

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

UK Statutory standard for the protection of aquatic life in inland waters: 0.001 µg l⁻¹ as annual average
UK Statutory standard for the protection of aquatic life in coastal and territorial waters: 0.04 µg l⁻¹ as annual average

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Aphis gossypii, Culex pipiens pallens, Frankliniella occidentalis, Musca domestica, Myzus persicae, Thrips tabaci, Tribolium confusum, many others

Physical state

Pale yellow clear liquid

Can be a metabolite of:

Parent

Formation medium

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

1107/2009 relevancy

trichlorfon

Groundwater

Relevant

trichlorfon

Soil

0.245

Major fraction

naled

Soil

0.165

Major fraction

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Value Garden Supplies
Fuller Systems
Nufarm
Ciba Geigy
Nippon Soda
KenoGard

Example products using this active

Dichlorvos 550
Derribante
Valpona
Derriban
Vaportape
Dichlorvos 1140

Formulation and application details

Often supplied as an emulsifiable concentrate that is diluted with water and used with fogging vaporising equipment. Also used as ready-to-use aerosols.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

18000

High

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

Miscible

Ethanol

Miscible

Acetone

Miscible

Toluene

Miscible

n-Hexane

Melting point (°C)

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

190

Flashpoint (°C)

350

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

7.94 X 10⁰¹

Calculated

Log P

1.9

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Data type

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.42

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Not applicable

No dissociation

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

2100

Highly volatile. If applied directly to plants or soil, drift is a concern & mitigation is advisable

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

2.58 X 10^-02

Non-volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Maxima at 204nm

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

Other sources: DT₅₀ 0.5 days (DW4), <1 day (R3)

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

0.2

Note

Chrysanthmum leaves, undercover, n=1

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

1.9

Note

Published literature RL₅₀ range 0.2-3.5 days, 5 field crops, various matrices, n=5

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

4.7

Non-persistent

Note

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

0.22

Fast

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

[Wheat grain: 2 wks @ 30 DegC, 50% RH; Modelled data], [Dates (Khalal): 5.3 days @ 3 DegC; Lab study], [Dates (Khalal): 8.5 days @ 22 DegC; Lab study], [Dates (Khalal): 18 days @ 43 DegC; Lab study], [Corn grain: 1.8 days @ 20-25 DegC, 40-60% RH; Lab study]

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

Mobile

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

¹/_n

Notes and range

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

0.69

Calculated

Low leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

1.60 X 10^-03

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Low

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Mobile

Calculated

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

13.0

Calculated using the Atkinson method. Assumed 1.5E+06 OH/cm³, 12 hr

Below the level of concern for long-range air transport

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

Low risk

Based on LogP < 3

Low risk

CT₅₀ (days)

Known soil and groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

mercapturic acid

Rat (Urine)

methyl cystein

Rat (Urine)

urea

Rat (Urine)

diemethyl dichlorvos
Note: Toxicologically relevant

Rat

2,2-dichloroacetaldehyde
Note: Toxicologically relevant

Rat

2,2-dichloroacetic acid
Note: Toxicologically relevant

Rat

dimethylphosphate

Rat (Urine)

dichloroethanol glucuronide

Rat (Urine)

hippuric acid

Rat (Urine)

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Rat

High

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

0.5

Rat

High

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Colinus virginianus

High

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

251 ppm

Colinus virginianus

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect
Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect

Dose: 13.4 mg kg⁻¹ soil

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

0.46

Apis mellifera

High

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

0.29

Apis mellifera

High

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps)

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites)

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.55

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.11

Pimephales promelas 28 day

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 8.1

Danio rerio Embryo

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.00019

Daphnia magna

High

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.0001

Ceriodaphnia dubia

High

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.019

Americamysis bahia

High

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

52.8

Scenedesmus subspicatus

Low

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

4.73

Unknown species

Low

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

Marine bivalves – LOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.022

Crassostrea gigas

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Rat

High

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

120

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.083

Rat

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.00008

Dog SF=100

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.002

Rat SF=100

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.0005

Dog SF=100

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

List I; List II

Exposure Routes

Public

Low risk to Europeans as no longer approved for use

Occupational

Primary risk if re-entry occurs post application

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Rapidly metabolised and excreted in the urine

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

No data found

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

IARC Group 2B carcinogen; US EPA - some weak evidence to suggest carcinogenicity
Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin
Some minor concerns regarding endocrine disruption
Endocrine issues - Weak androgen-receptor antagonist

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Corrosive in molten state
IMDG Transport Hazard Class 6.1

CLP classification 2013

Health: H301, H311, H317, H330
Environment: H400

WHO Classification

Ib (Highly hazardous)

UN Number

UN2810

Waste disposal & packaging

Packaging Group II (moderate danger)

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

Chemically stable under standard ambient conditions

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

dichlorvos

French

dichlorvos

German

Dichlorvos

Danish

dichlorvos

Italian

diclorvos

Spanish

diclorvos

Greek

dichlorvos

Polish

dichlorfos

Swedish

Hungarian

dichlorvos

Dutch

dichloorvos

Norwegian

Record last updated:	13/11/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242