Dicloran (Ref: RD 6584)

Dicloran (Ref: RD 6584)	Last updated: 29/08/2024
(Also known as: ditranil; dichloran; CAN; U 2069; SN 107682; DCNA)

SUMMARY

Dicloran is a protective fungicide. It has a low aqueous solubility and is volatile. Based on its chemical properties, it may leach to groundwater. It can also be quite persistent in soils but not usually so in water. It is moderately toxic to mammals but is not expected to bioaccumulate. Exposure may damage reproduction and/or development. Dicloran is moderately toxic to most aquatic organisms, birds, honeybees and earthworms.

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate Moderate alert: Drainflow: Slightly mobile	Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Birds acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Fish acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Fish chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate; Daphnia acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Daphnia chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate; Earthworms acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Earthworms chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate	Human health High alert: Reproduction/development effects

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

An aromatic fungicide used for a variety of pre- and post-harvest diseases on fruit and vegetables

Example pests controlled

Yeasts; Moulds; Brown rot; Powdery mildew

Example applications

Fruit including apricots, nectarines, oranges, grapes, peaches, plums, cherries, rhubarb; vegetables including beans, celery, onions, shallots; Sweet potatoes; Tomatoes; Ornamentals including Christmas trees

Efficacy & activity

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

1960, first reported; 1993, first marketed

GB regulatory status

GB COPR regulatory status

Not approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

Not applicable

GB LERAP status

No UK approval for use as a pesticide

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Not approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Spain

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Not applicable

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Not applicable

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece

ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg

LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Also used in

Chemical structure

Isomerism

None

Chemical formula

C₆H₄Cl₂N₂O₂

Canonical SMILES

C1=C(C=C(C(=C1Cl)N)Cl)[N+](=O)[O-]

Isomeric SMILES

Clc1cc(cc(Cl)c1N)[N+]([O-])=O

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

BIXZHMJUSMUDOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C6H4Cl2N2O2/c7-4-1-3(10(11)12)2-5(8)6(4)9/h1-2H,9H2

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
dicloran	-

General status

Pesticide type

Fungicide

Substance groups

Nitroaniline fungicide

Minimum active substance purity

950 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

EU dossier - trace polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans & polychlorinated biphenyls; 2, 6-dichloro-p-phenylenediamine. 0.2 g kg⁻¹; 2-chloro-4-nitrobenzeneamine 10 g kg⁻¹

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Protective, contact action, thought to act by inhibiting respiration inhibiting spore germination. Lipid peroxidation inhibitor.

CAS RN

99-30-9

EC number

202-746-4

CIPAC number

150

US EPA chemical code

031301

PubChem CID

7430

CLP index number

No data found

Molecular mass

207.01

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline

IUPAC name

2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline

CAS name

2,6-dichloro-4-nitrobenzenamine

Other status information

Potential groundwater contaminant; Chemical subject to PIC regulations

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

Yellow crystals or powder

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Gowan Company
Upjohn
FBC

Example products using this active

Botran
Fumite
Sclerosan
Allisan
Resinan

Formulation and application details

Often formulated as wettable powders, dusts or as flowable concentrates

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

6.4

at 25 °C

Low

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

200

n-Heptane

6400

p-Xylene

6700

Methanol

41800

Acetone

Melting point (°C)

193.2

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

202

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

6.31 X 10⁰²

Calculated

Log P

2.8

Moderate

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Insoluble

Data type

Regulatory data

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.57

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Not applicable

No dissociation

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

0.261

Low volatility. If applied directly to plants, drift is a concern & mitigation is advisable

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

8.44 X 10^-03

Non-volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

217nm = 15760, 325nm = 12750

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

68.7

at 20.3 °C

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

401

Very persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

258

Persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

18.7

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

985

Very persistent

DT₉₀ (field)

202

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

EU dossier lab studies DT₅₀ range 144-617 days, DT₉₀ range 481-1892 days; field studies DT₅₀ 18.4-18.9 days; Other sources: DT₅₀ 10.0 days (DW4)

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

23.4

Note

Lettuce leaves, n=1

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

1.3

Moderately fast

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Stable at all relevant pH's

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

3.84

Fast

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

2.94

Moderately fast

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

12.33

Slightly mobile

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

812

¹/_n

0.739

Notes and range

EU dossier K_f range 3.65-26.25 mL g⁻¹, K_foc range 441-1188 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 0.645-0.803, Soils=6

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

1.39

Calculated

Low leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

2.91 X 10^-02

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Low

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Slightly mobile

Calculated

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

1860

Calculated using the Atkinson method. Assumed 1.5E+06 OH/cm³, 12 hr

Substance of concern for long-range air transport

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

Whole fish

Low potential

CT₅₀ (days)

Not available

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

2,6-dichloro-1,4-phenylenediamine (Ref: CI 37020 )

Major fraction

0.118

Known groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

DCHA-sulfate

Rat (Urine)

DCHA-glucuronide

Rat (Urine)

4-amino-3,5-dichlorophenol

DCHA

Rat (Urine); Water/sediment

DCAP

Rat (Urine)

DCNAP

Rat (Urine)

2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid

2,6-DCBA

Water/sediment

0.089

4-amino-3,5-dichloracetanilide

Water/sediment

0.075

2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol

Water/sediment

3,5-dichloro-4-aminoacetanilide
Note: Minor metabolite

DCAA

Water/sediment

3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyacetanilide
Note: Minor metabolite

Water/sediment

2,6-dichloro-1,4-phenylenediamine
Note: Minor metabolite

DCPD

Water/sediment

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

1.5

Rat

High

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

286

Colinus virginianus

Moderate

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

164.3 mg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹

Colinus virginianus

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 885

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

77.8

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect
Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect

Dose: 3.4 kg ha⁻¹

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

> 1000

worst case for ten species
Seedling emergence, ER₅₀
as g ha⁻¹

> 1000

worst case for ten species
Vegetative vigour, ER₅₀
as g ha⁻¹

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

180

Apis mellifera

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 113

Apis mellifera

Low

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 3000

Chrysoperla carnea

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹ 48 hr

> 3000

Aphidius rhopalosiphi

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹ 7 day

374

Typhlodromus pyri

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.48

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.05

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

12.36

Danio rerio EC₅₀ Embryo

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

2.07

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.032

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

0.6

Chironomus riparius

Moderate

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

1.2

Scenedesmus subspicatus

Moderate

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

Marine bivalves

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

2000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 21.6

Rat

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.005

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.025

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.005

Dermal penetration studies (%)

1-9

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Risk acceptable and below the AOEL

Occupational

Risk of exposure acceptable under label recommendations for use for personal protection clothing and equipment

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

0.1

EU Dir 89/778/EC limit

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

No data found

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

No data found

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

Possible liver & spleen toxicant
US EPA - weak evidence to suggest possible human carcinogen

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Emits irritating or toxic fumes in a fire
Not explosive or oxidising
IMDG Transport Hazard Class 9
Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable

CLP classification 2013

Health: H300, H310, H330, H373
Environment: H411

WHO Classification

III (Slightly hazardous)

UN Number

UN3077

Waste disposal & packaging

Packaging Group III (minor danger)

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

Chemically stable under standard ambient conditions

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

dicloran

French

dicloran

German

Dicloran

Danish

dicloran

Italian

dicloran

Spanish

dicloran

Greek

Polish

dichloran

Swedish

Hungarian

Dutch

dichloran

Norwegian

Record last updated:	29/08/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242