Folpet

Folpet	Last updated: 19/12/2024
(Also known as: folpel; folpan; phthaltan ; trichloromethylthiophthalimide)

SUMMARY

Folpet is a foliar-applied, protective fungicide used for broad spectrum control of fungal pathogens. It has a low aqueous solubility and low volatility. Generally, it is not persistent in soils but can be under certain conditions. It is not persistent in water-sediment systems. The risk of leaching to groundwater tends to be low, Oral mammalian toxicity is low but other data on human health is missing or uncertain. Toxicity to temperate fish and aquatic invertebrates is high. It is moderate to aquatic crustaceans, algae, earthworms and birds but less so to other species including bees.

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate Moderate alert: Drainflow: Moderately mobile	Ecotoxicity High alert: Fish acute ecotoxicity: High; Daphnia acute ecotoxicity: High; Daphnia chronic ecotoxicity: High	Human health High alert: Genotoxic

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A protective fungicide used for broad spectrum control of fungal pathogens

Example pests controlled

Downy mildew; Powdery mildew; Leaf spot; Rose black spot; Apple scab; Rose mildew

Example applications

Fruits including apples, cherry, berries, wine grapes; Ornamentals including roses; Vegetables; Tomatoes; Cereals

Efficacy & activity

Wheat/Septoria=Low; Wheat/Rust=Low; Barley/Rhynchosporium=Low; Barley/Mildew=Low; Barley/Ramularia=Low; Efficacy demonstrated via extensive field trials

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

1952, first reported

GB regulatory status

GB COPR regulatory status

Approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

30/07/2029

GB LERAP status

Category B, Crop over 5m DRT - See Authorisation for Crop LERAP Details

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Austria/Italy

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

15/02/2025

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece
✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg
✓		✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓
LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia
	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Also used in

USA

Chemical structure

Isomerism

None

Chemical formula

C₉H₄Cl₃NO₂S

Canonical SMILES

C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=O)N(C2=O)SC(Cl)(Cl)Cl

Isomeric SMILES

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

HKIOYBQGHSTUDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C9H4Cl3NO2S/c10-9(11,12)16-13-7(14)5-3-1-2-4-6(5)8(13)15/h1-4H

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
folpet	-

General status

Pesticide type

Fungicide, Other substance

Other bioactivity & uses

Biocide, Antifouling agent, Preservative

Substance groups

Phthalimide fungicide

Minimum active substance purity

940 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

EFSA 2023 dossier: PCMM - 2 g kg⁻¹; carbon tetrachloride - 2 g kg⁻¹; captan - 3 g kg⁻¹; carbon disulphide - 2.5 g kg⁻¹

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Foliar applied with protective action. Acts by inhibiting normal cell division of many microorganisms. Multi-site activity.

CAS RN

133-07-3

EC number

205-088-6

CIPAC number

US EPA chemical code

081601

PubChem CID

8607

CLP index number

613-045-00-1

Molecular mass

296.56

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

IUPAC name

N-(trichloromethylthio)phthalimide

CAS name

2-((trichloromethyl)thio)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

Other status information

Some applications may be approved under GB Biocide Products Regulation

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

M04

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

White crystals

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Adama
Makhteshim Agan
AgroCare
India Pesticides Ltd.
Chevron
Stauffer

Example products using this active

Folpan 80 WG
Petal
Enofol
Faltex
Thiophal
Folpwel

Formulation and application details

Often supplied as water dispersible granules or wettable powders

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

0.8

Low

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

34000

Acetone

1400

n-Octanol

3100

Methanol

450

Heptane

Melting point (°C)

179

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

184

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

1.29 X 10⁰³

Calculated

Log P

3.11

High

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Insoluble

Data type

Regulatory data

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.72

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Not applicable

No dissociation

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

1.70 X 10^-02

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

1.3 X 10^-02

Non-volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

Negligible

From soil surface

Negligible

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Neutral solution: 223nm=47100, 236nm=7900, 1295nm=780, 300nm=1720
Acidic solution: 223nm=52600, 237nm=410, 1296nm=770, 301nm=1720
Basic solution: 225nm=19900, 238nm=11300, 247nm=7410, 280nm=1810, 289nm=1650, 301nm=1320

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Biodegradable

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

9.0

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

9.0

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

31.4

Moderately persistent

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

20.6

(worse case)

Note

EU 2023 dossier lab studies DT₅₀ (normalised) range 1.2-34.1 days, DT₉₀ (measured) range 4.6-99.8 days, Soils=9

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

10.7

Note

Published literature RL₅₀ range 6.0-14.1 days, 2 field & undercover grown crops, various matrices, n=4

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

Note

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Not a significant degradation route

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

0.05

Non-persistent

Note

Rapid and pH sensitive: DT₅₀ 2.6 hours at pH 5, 1 minute at pH 9, all at 25 °C

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

0.02

Fast

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

0.02

Fast

Sediment phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

Moderately mobile

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

304

Notes and range

EU dossier worst case estimate; Other sources: 15.0 mL g⁻¹ (DW3)

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

27.6

Slightly mobile

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

867

¹/_n

0.98

Notes and range

EU 2023 dossier: K_f range 15.5-33.7 mL g⁻¹, K_foc range 821-910 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 0.90-1.0. Soils=4

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

0.51

Calculated

Low leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

1.48 X 10^-03

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Low

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Moderately mobile

Calculated

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

8.15

Calculated using the Atkinson method

Below the level of concern for long-range air transport

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

Whole fish

Low potential

CT₅₀ (days)

0.63

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

phthalimide

Major fraction

0.649

Adama verified

phthalic acid

Major fraction

0.166

Adama verified

phthalamic acid

Major fraction

0.167

Adama verified

thiophosgene

Adama verified

Known groundwater metabolites

Metabolite

EC SANCO/221/2000 relevancy

ADI (mg kg⁻¹ bodyweight day⁻¹)

WHO drinking water guidance value (μg L⁻¹ day⁻¹)

phthalimide

Relevant

phthalamic acid

Relevant

phthalic acid

Relevant

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

benzamide

Water

0.102

trichlomethylsulfenic acid

Water/sediment (Hydrolysis)

carbon oxysulfide

Water/sediment (Hydrolysis)

2-cyanobenzoic acid

Water

0.397

tricloromethylmercaptan

Water/sediment (Hydrolysis)

thiophosgene

Water/sediment (Hydrolysis)

phthalimide

Water

phthalic acid

Water

phthalamic acid

Water

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

44.5

Rat

High

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

> 180

Unknown species Reproductive NOAEL

Moderate

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2510

Colinus virginianus

Low

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

> 1127 mg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹

Colinus virginianus

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

> 78.3

Colinus virginianus NOEC

Moderate

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 500

Eisenia foetida corr

Moderate

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

3.84

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect
Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect

Dose: 15.93 kg ha⁻¹

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

417.0

Folsomia candida

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 100

Apis mellifera

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 104.8

Apis mellifera

Low

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic as 10 d LDD₅₀

> 16.29

Apis mellifera

Notes

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 100

Bombus terrestris

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 100

Bombus terrestris

Low

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 199.5

Osmia bicornis

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 104.1

Osmia bicornis

Low

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds) as Mortality g ha⁻¹ LR₅₀

> 530

Coccinella septempunctata Larva

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps) as Mortality g ha⁻¹ LR₅₀

457.3

Aphidius rhopalosiphi

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites) as Mortality g ha⁻¹ LR₅₀

> 16000

Typhlodromus pyri

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles) as Mortality g ha⁻¹ LR₅₀

> 660

Poecilus cupreus

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.015

Oncorhynchus mykiss

High

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.011

Pimephales promelas

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.71

Danio rerio Larva

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.02

Daphnia magna

High

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.002

Daphnia magna LOEC

High

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.16

Americamysis bahia

Moderate

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.161

Raphidocelis subcapitata

Moderate

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

Marine bivalves

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

2000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.39

Rat (nose only) 4 hr

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.1

Dog SF=100

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.6

God SF=100

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.6

Rat SF=100

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.1

Rat 90 day SF=100

Dermal penetration studies (%)

0.1-9.0

concentration dependent

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Negligible risk to bystanders

Occupational

Potential risk to operators and other workers not utilising PPE/PPC

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

0.1

EU Dir 89/778/EC limit

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Rapid and extensive elimination >95% in 48hrs mainly via urine.

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

General human health issues

US EPA - probable human carcinogen; CLP data - suspected carcingen

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Prevent generation of dust
Not explosive
IMDG Transport Hazard Class 9
Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable
Not explosive or oxidising

CLP classification 2013

Health: H330, H318, H317, H372, H351
Environment: H400, H410

WHO Classification

U (Unlikely to present an acute hazard)

UN Number

UN3077

Waste disposal & packaging

Packaging Group III (minor danger)

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

folpet

French

folpet

German

Folpet

Danish

folpet

Italian

folpet

Spanish

folpet

Greek

folpet

Polish

folpet

Swedish

folpet

Hungarian

folpet

Dutch

folpet

Norwegian

Record last updated:	19/12/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242