Forchlorfenuron (Ref: KT 30)

Forchlorfenuron (Ref: KT 30)	Last updated: 25/08/2024
(Also known as: SKW 20010; CPPU; forchlorfenur; 4PU-30)

SUMMARY

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate High alert: Very persistent; Potential for particle bound transport: High	Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Fish acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Fish chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate; Daphnia acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Daphnia chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate; Bees acute contact ecotoxicity: Moderate; Bees acute oral ecotoxicity: Moderate; Earthworms acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Earthworms chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate	Human health Moderate alert: Possible Carcinogen; Reproduction/development effects

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A cytokinin growth stimulating substance used to enhance fruit set, size and increase yields

Example pests controlled

Growth

Example applications

Grapes; Kiwifruit; Apples; Pears; Melons; Pumpkins

Efficacy & activity

Shown to be effective via field trials and extensive use across both EU and non-EU countries.

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

circa 1980, introduced

GB regulatory status

GB COPR regulatory status

Approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

31/05/2033

GB LERAP status

No UK approval for use as a pesticide

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Spain/Greece

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

31/05/2033

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece
								✓
ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg
		✓
LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia
				✓

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Also used in

Australia, USA

Chemical structure

Isomerism

None

Chemical formula

C₁₂H₁₀ClN₃O

Canonical SMILES

C1=CC=C(C=C1)NC(=O)NC2=CC(=NC=C2)Cl

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

GPXLRLUVLMHHIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C12H10ClN3O/c13-11-8-10(6-7-14-11)16-12(17)15-9-4-2-1-3-5-9/h1-8H,(H2,14,15,16,17)

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
forchlorfenuron	-

General status

Pesticide type

Plant Growth Regulator

Substance groups

Phenylurea PGR; Urea PGR

Minimum active substance purity

>=978 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

EU DAR 2016 - None declared

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Absorbed by most plant parts and acts synergistically with natural auxins to promote cell division and growth

CAS RN

68157-60-8

EC number

614-346-0

CIPAC number

633

US EPA chemical code

128819

PubChem CID

93379

CLP index number

613-254-00-8

Molecular mass

247.68

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

IUPAC name

1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-3-phenylurea

CAS name

N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N'-phenylurea

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

White crystalline powder

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Valent U.S.A. Corp.
Fujian Sannong Group Co. Ltd., BOC Sciences

Example products using this active

Prestige
PreStage
Trigger
Sitofex

Formulation and application details

Usually supplied as a soluble powder or emulsifiable concentrate

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

Low

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

108

Toluene

74000

Isopropanol

169000

Acetone

0.03

Hexane

Melting point (°C)

165

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes on boiling

Degradation point (°C)

269

Flashpoint (°C)

140.3

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

2.00 X 10⁰³

Calculated

Log P

3.3

High

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Data type

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.415

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

n/a

No dissociation

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

4.60 X 10^-05

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

2.92 X 10^-07

Non-volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Max @ 264nm = 35100

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

72.3

at 20 °C

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

243.6

Persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

243.6

Persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

1119

Very persistent

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

802.6

Very persistent

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

EU 2017 Dossier: Lab studies DT₅₀ 53-1218 days, DT₉₀ range 184 - >1000 days; Other literature DT₅₀ = 1119 mL g⁻¹

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

7.3

Note

Published literature RL₅₀ range 1.4-17.4 days, 3 field crops, various matrices, n=4

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Stable pH 5 to pH 9 at 20 and 25 °C, 30 days

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Data for pH 5, 25 °C, 30 days

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

158

Slow

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

6.93

Moderately fast

Sediment phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

Slightly mobile

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

1100

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

9.59

Slightly mobile

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

1557

¹/_n

0.72

Notes and range

EU 2017 Dossier: K_f range 2.13 - 39.8 mL g⁻¹, K_foc range 852 - 3320 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 0.68 - 0.76, Soils= 4

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

2.46

Calculated

Transition state

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

1.61 X 10^-01

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

High

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Slightly mobile

Calculated

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

2.6

Calculated using the Atkinson method. Assumed 1.5E+06 OH/cm³, 12 hr

Below the level of concern for long-range air transport

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

6.1

Low potential

CT₅₀ (days)

0.26

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

4-amino-2-chloropyridine

Major fraction

0.599

Known groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

None

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 4917

Rat

Low

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

Rat

High

(ppm diet)

1000

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2250

Colinus virginianus

Low

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 500

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

0.3

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Soil micro-organisms

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

3.72

Folsomia candida

Non-target plants

> 10

Avena sativa
Vegetative vigour, ER₅₀
as g ha⁻¹

> 10

Avena sativa
Seedling emergence, ER₅₀
as g ha⁻¹

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 80.6

Apis mellifera

Moderate

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 80.6

Apis mellifera

Moderate

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Notes

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 12

Chrysoperla carnea

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 10.0

Aphidius rhopalosiphi

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 12.0

Typhlodromus pyri

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

8.8

Lepomis macrochirus

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

2.0

Oncorhynchus mykiss 28 day

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

11.43

Danio rerio EC₅₀ Embryo

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

2.0

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

22.15

Lemna gibba

Low

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

3.3

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Moderate

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

5.23

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata 72 hr

Low

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

Marine bivalves

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 4917

Rat

Low

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

2000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 3.0

Rat (dust whole body)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.05

Mouse SF=100

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.5

Rabbit SF=100

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.5

Rabbit SF=100

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.16

Rat SF=100

Dermal penetration studies (%)

default

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Negligible risk when used as directed

Occupational

Low risk for workers and operators

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

General human health issues

May cause protein metabolism disturbances, emphysema and weight loss
Possible kidney & liver toxicant
CLP data - suspected carcingen

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not explosive or oxidising
Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable
IMDG Transport Hazard Class 9

CLP classification 2013

Health: H351
Environment: H411

WHO Classification

Not listed (Not listed)

UN Number

UN3077

Waste disposal & packaging

Packging Group III (minor danger)

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

Chemically stable under standard ambient conditions. Limited shelf-life. Store at -20 DegC

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

forchlorfenuron

French

forchlorfenuron

German

Forchlorfenuron

Danish

forchlorfenuron

Italian

Spanish

forclorfenuron

Greek

Polish

forchlorfenuron

Swedish

Hungarian

Dutch

Norwegian

Record last updated:	25/08/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242