Phoxim (Ref: OMS 1170)	Last updated: 19/01/2023
(Also known as: phoxime; BAY 5621)

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SUMMARY

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate Moderate alert: Drainflow: Slightly mobile; Potential for particle bound transport: Medium Warning: Significant data are missing	Ecotoxicity High alert: Daphnia acute ecotoxicity: High	Human health High alert: Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor; Neurotoxicant

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description	An insecticide and acaricide used to control stored-product pests such as ants and some soil insects. Also used as a disinfectant.
Example pests controlled	Locusts; lepidopterous larvae; Caterpillars
Example applications	Potatoes; Cotton; Maize; Sugarbeet
Efficacy & activity	-
Availability status	-
Introduction & key dates	1970

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status	Not approved
Date COPR inclusion expires	Expired
UK LERAP status	No UK approval for use

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status	Not approved
Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur	Finland
Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires	Expired
EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)	-
Listed in EU database	Yes
Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States	ATAustria BEBelgium BGBulgaria CYCyprus CZCzech Republic DEGermany DKDenmark EEEstonia ELGreece                   ESSpain FIFinland FRFrance HRCroatia HUHungary IEIreland ITItaly LTLithuania LULuxembourg                   LVLatvia MTMalta NLNetherlands PLPoland PTPortugal RORomania SESweden SISlovenia SKSlovakia

Additional information

Also used in	-

Chemical structure

Isomerism	Isomeric
Chemical formula	C₁₂H₁₅N₂O₃PS
Canonical SMILES	CCOP(=S)(OCC)ON=C(C#N)C1=CC=CC=C1
Isomeric SMILES	CCOP(=S)(OCC)O/N=C(\C#N)/C1=CC=CC=C1
International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)	ATROHALUCMTWTB-WYMLVPIESA-N
International Chemical Identifier (InChI)	InChI=1S/C12H15N2O3PS/c1-3-15-18(19,16-4-2)17-14-12(10-13)11-8-6-5-7-9-11/h5-9H,3-4H2,1-2H3/b14-12+
2D structure diagram/image available?	Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
chlorphoxim	Variant

General status

Pesticide type	Insecticide, Other substance , Veterinary substance
Other constituent type	Disinfectant
Substance groups	Organophosphate insecticide; Organophosphate acaricide; Organothiophosphate insecticide; Organothiophosphate acaricide
Minimum active substance purity	-
Known relevant impurities	-
Substance origin	Synthetic
Mode of action	Non-systemic with contact and stomach action. Short activity period. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor.
CAS RN	14816-18-3
EC number	238-887-3
CIPAC number	364
US EPA chemical code	598800
PubChem CID	9570290
CLP index number	015-100-00-X
Molecular mass	298.3
PIN (Preferred Identification Name)	-
IUPAC name	O,O-diethyl α-cyanobenzylideneaminooxyphosphonothioate
CAS name	4-ethoxy-7-phenyl-3,5-dioxa-6-aza-4-phosphaoct-6-ene-8-nitrile 4-sulphide
Other status information	OSPAR soc
Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards	-
Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)	Not applicable
Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)	Not applicable
Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)	1B
Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)	Not applicable
Examples of recorded resistance	Amblyseius nicholsii, Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles sacharovi, Culex quinquefasciatus, Heliothis assulta, many others
Physical state	Yellow liquid

Formulations

Property	Value
Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically	FCC Ltd Bayer CropScience King Tech
Example products using this active	Superxim Phoxim 50 Liben Volaton
Formulation and application details	Available in a variety of formulations including aerosols, baits, dustable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, seed dressings, granules and ULV liquid.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)		1.5	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	Low
Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)		250000	L2 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source Xylene	-
		250000	L2 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source Dichloromethane	-
		250000	L2 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source Acetone	-
		136000	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source n-Heptane	-
Melting point (°C)		5	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	-
Boiling point (°C)		Decomposes on distillation	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	-
Degradation point (°C)		-	-	-
Flashpoint (°C)		-	-	-
Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C	P	2.40 X 1003	Calculated	-
	Log P	3.38	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	High
Fat solubility of residues	Solubility	Soluble	A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes	-
	Data type	Observed in metabolism and farm animal feeding studies	A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes	-
Density (g ml⁻¹)		1.18	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	-
Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C		-	-	-
		-
Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)		2.1	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	Low volatility
Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)		4.18 X 10-01	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	Moderately volatile
Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹		-	-	-
Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)		-	-	-

Degradation

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
General biodegradability		-
Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)	DT₅₀ (typical)	6	W4 W = French database provided by ARVALIS-Institut du Végétal. Dataset no longer available. 4 = Verified data	Non-persistent
	DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)	-	-	-
	DT₅₀ (field)	-	-	-
	DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)	-	-	-
	DT₉₀ (field)	-	-	-
	DT₅₀ modelling endpoint	-	-	-
	Note	Best available data
Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on plant matrix	Value	0.24	R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 3 = Unverified data of known source	-
	Note	Tea, green leaves, n=1
Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on and in plant matrix	Value	1.7	R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 3 = Unverified data of known source	-
	Note	Published literature RL₅₀ range 1.5-2.1 days, 3 field crops, various matrices, n=3
Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7	Value	-	-	-
	Note	-
Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7	Value	7.2	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	Non-persistent
	Note	pH sensitive: DT₅₀ 26.7 days at pH 4, 3.1 days at pH 9, all at 22 °C
Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)		-	-	-
Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)		-	-	-

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Linear	Kd	-	-	-
	Koc	-
	Notes and range	-
Freundlich	Kf	33.33	R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data	Slightly mobile
	Kfoc	1148
	1/n	1.03
	Notes and range	Kf range 27.0-44.0 (802 for peat) mL g⁻¹, Kfoc range 997-1243 (1333 for peat) mL g⁻¹, 1/n - no data, Soils=4
pH sensitivity		-

Fate indices

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
GUS leaching potential index		0.73	Calculated	Low leachability
SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate	Value	5.12 X 10-03	Calculated	-
	Note	-
Potential for particle bound transport index		Medium	Calculated	-
Potential for loss via drain flow		Slightly mobile	Calculated	-
Bio-concentration factor	BCF (l kg⁻¹)	1610	R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 3 = Unverified data of known source Whole body	Threshold for concern
	CT₅₀ (days)	Not available		-

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite	Major/Minor fraction	Estimated maximum occurrence fraction	Notes
chlorphoxim (Ref: OMS 1197)	-	-	-

Known groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

None

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)		> 2000	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Rat	Low
Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL	(mg kg⁻¹)	-	L2 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source Rat 2 year	-
	(ppm diet)	> 15		-
Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)		-	-	-
Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)		-	-	-
Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)		-	-	-
Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)		-	-	-
Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)		> 40.4	R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data Eisenia foetida	Moderate
Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)		-	-	-
Soil micro-organisms		-	-	-
Collembola	Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)	-	-	-
Non-target plants		-	-	-
		-	-	-
Honeybees (Apis spp.)	Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Chronic	-	-	-
Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)	Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
		-
	Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
		-
Mason bees (Osmia spp.)	Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
Other bee species (1)	Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Mode of exposure	-
Other bee species (2)	Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Mode of exposure	-
Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)		-	-	-
Beneficial insects (Lacewings)		-	-	-
Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps)		-	-	-
Beneficial insects (Predatory mites)		-	-	-
Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)		-	-	-

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		> 0.22	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Lepomis macrochirus	Moderate
Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		0.00081	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Daphnia magna	High
Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)		-	-	-
Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)		< 0.1	P3 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators 3 = Unverified data of known source Anabaena variabilis 5 day	Moderate
Mesocosm study data	NOEAEC mg l⁻¹	-	-	-
	NOEAEC mg l⁻¹	-	-	-

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)		High (class III)	-	-
Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)		> 2000	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Rat	Low
Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)		5000	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Rat	-
Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		4.0	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Rat	-
Other Mammal toxicity endpoints		-	-	-
ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)		0.004	F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 4 = Verified data JMPR 1999	-
ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)		-	-	-
AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)		-	-	-
AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)		-	-	-
Dermal penetration studies (%)		-	-	-
Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464		List I; List II	-	-
Exposure Routes	Public	-
	Occupational	-
MRLs	European	EU MRL pesticide database
	Great Britain	GB MRL Register
	Notes	-
Drinking Water Standards		-	-	-
Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Mammalian dose elimination route and rate		-	-	-

Health issues

Specific human health issues		Carcinogen Genotoxic Endocrine disruptor No data found A3 A = Chromosome aberration (EFSA database) 3 = Negative ; B0 B = DNA damage/repair (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; C0 C = Gene mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; D0 D = Genome mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; E0 E = Unspecified genotoxicity type (miscellaneous data source) 0 = No data No data found Reproduction / development effects Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor Neurotoxicant ?Possibly, status not identified ✓Yes, known to cause a problem ✓Yes, known to cause a problem Respiratory tract irritant Skin irritant Skin sensitiser ?Possibly, status not identified ✓Yes, known to cause a problem ✓Yes, known to cause a problem Eye irritant Phototoxicant   XNo, known not to cause a problem No data found
General human health issues		Harmful if swallowed

Handling issues

Property	Value and interpretation
General	Flammable
CLP classification 2013	Health: H302, H317, H361f Environment: H400, H410
WHO Classification	II (Moderately hazardous)
UN Number	-
Waste disposal & packaging	-

TRANSLATIONS

Language	Name
English	phoxim
French	phoxime
German	Phoxim
Danish	phoxim
Italian	foxim
Spanish	foxim
Greek	phoxim
Polish	foksim
Swedish	foxim
Hungarian	-
Dutch	foxim

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Record last updated:	19/01/2023
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242