Thiophanate-methyl (Ref: NF 44)

Thiophanate-methyl (Ref: NF 44)	Last updated: 22/08/2024
(Also known as: thiophanate; thiofanate; banrot)

SUMMARY

Thiophanate methyl is a fungicide that was used widely to control fungal diseases on crops. It has a low aqueous solubility, low volatility and tends not to be persistent in soil or water systems. It has a low mammalian toxicity, however it is an irritant, a skin sensitiser and may also be mutagen. It is moderately toxic to most aquatic organisms and earthworms but less so to birds and honeybees.

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate Moderate alert: Drainflow: Moderately mobile	Ecotoxicity High alert: Birds chronic ecotoxicity: High	Human health High alert: Genotoxic; Reproduction/development effects

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A systemic fungicide effective with protective and curative activity against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables and other crops

Example pests controlled

Eyespot; Scab; Powdery mildew; Grey mould; Leaf spot; Rusts; Brown spot; Brown Rot; Root rots

Example applications

Apples & pears; Small grains; Curcubits; Soybeans; Peanuts, Pecans; Garlic & onions; Almonds; Strawberries; Grapes; Tomatoes; Aubergines

Efficacy & activity

Wheat/Ear blight=Low; Soybean/Leaf blight=Moderate; Soybean/Rust=Moderate; Soybean/White mould=Moderate

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

1971, first registered Japan

GB regulatory status

GB COPR regulatory status

Not approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

Not applicable

GB LERAP status

None

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Not approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Sweden/Finland

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Expired

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece

ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg

LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Also used in

Australia, USA, Egypt

Chemical structure

Isomerism

None

Chemical formula

C₁₂H₁₄N₄O₄S₂

Canonical SMILES

COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC

Isomeric SMILES

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

QGHREAKMXXNCOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C12H14N4O4S2/c1-19-11(17)15-9(21)13-7-5-3-4-6-8(7)14-10(22)16-12(18)20-2/h3-6H,1-2H3,(H2,13,15,17,21)(H2,14,16,18,22)

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Fungicide

Substance groups

Carbamate fungicide

Minimum active substance purity

950 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

EU dossier - DAp, HAp, carbendazim

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Inhibition of mitosis and cell division (Beta-tubulin assembly in mitosis).

CAS RN

23564-05-8

Alternative/old CAS RN

006-069-00-3

EC number

245-740-7

CIPAC number

262

US EPA chemical code

102001

PubChem CID

3032791

CLP index number

006-069-00-3

Molecular mass

342.39

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

dimethyl N,N'-[1,2-phenylenebis(azanediylcarbonothioyl)]dicarbamate

IUPAC name

dimethyl 4,4'-(o-phenylene)bis(3-thioallophanate)

CAS name

dimethyl (1,2-phenylenebis(iminocarbonothioyl))bis(carbamate)

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

Colourless to light brown crystalline powder

Related substances & organisms

thiophanate

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Bayer Environ
Headland
Makhteshim-Agan
Scotts
Nufarm

Example products using this active

Snare
Mildothane Turf Liquid
3336Plus
Topsin M
Senator
Frumidor

Formulation and application details

Usually formulated as a suspension concentrate, flowable, ULV or wettable powder

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

18.5

Low

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

8400

Ethyl acetate

0.47

n-Hexane

7800

Methanol

110

Xylene

Melting point (°C)

Decomposes before melting

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

165

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

2.51 X 10⁰¹

Calculated

Log P

1.40

at 25 °C

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Insoluble

Data type

Regulatory data based on LogP

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.45

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

7.28

Weak acid

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

9.0 X 10^-03

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

1.67 X 10^-04

Non-volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

268nm = 19046, 305nm = shoulder

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

72.2

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Not readily biodegradable

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

0.5

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

0.5

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

2.0

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

1.66

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (field)

13.3

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

EU 2016 dossier Lab studies DT₅₀ range 0.29-0.70 days, DT₉₀ range 0.96-2.3 days, Soils=4; Field studies DT₅₀ range 1.0-3.3 days, DT₉₀ range 6.0-17.0, Soils=4

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

29.6

Note

Undercover ornamentals, leaves, n=1

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

4.2

Note

Published literature RL₅₀ range 1.0-15.4 days, 11 field grown crops, various matrices, n=17

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

2.2

Moderately fast

Note

Data for natural sunlight at pH 5

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

46.8

Moderately persistent

Note

pH sensitive: DT₅₀ Stable - 867 days at pH 5; 1.0 days at pH 9, all at 22 °C

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Fast

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Moderately fast

Sediment phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

2.41

Moderately mobile

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

220

¹/_n

0.86

Notes and range

EU 2016 dossier K_f range 0.27-14.1 mL g⁻¹, K_foc range 54-859 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 0.75-0.99, Soils=10

pH sensitivity

Some studies suggest that adsorption is stronger in acid soils

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

0.50

Calculated

Low leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

1.06 X 10^-03

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Low

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Moderately mobile

Calculated

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

Estimated

Low potential

CT₅₀ (days)

Not available

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

thiophanate

Major fraction

carbendazim (Ref: BAS 346F)

Major fraction

0.758

methyl 4-(2-(methoxycarbonylamino)benzothiazoyl)allophanate (Ref: CM-0237)

Minor fraction

0.098

2-amino-1H-benzimidazole

Minor fraction

0.061

Known groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

methyl (5-hydroxy-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)carbamate

5-OH-MBC

Animal

methyl (5-hydroxy-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)carbamate sulphate

5-OH-MBC-s

Animal

dimethyl 4,4-)4-hydroxy-ortho-phenylene)bis(allophanate)

4-OH-FH-432

Rat

dimethyl 4,4-)4-hydroxy-ortho-phenylene)bis(allophanate) sulphate

4-OH-FH-432-S

Rat

[2-N-methoxy carbonyl thioureido) phenylene] thiourea

AV-1951

Surface water

methyl-N-(2-aminophenylaminocarbonothioyl)carbamate

FH-73

methyl (4-hydroxy-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamate

4-OH-MBC

Animal

methyl (4-hydroxy-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamate sulphate

4-OH-MBC-S

Rat

2-amino-1H-benzimidazole

2-AB

Surface water-sediment systems; Animal; Plant

2-amino(-4-hydroxy)benzimidazole

4-OH-2-AB

2-amino-1H-benzimidazol-5-ol

5-OH-2-AB

Hen

dimethyl 4,4-(4-hydroxy-ortho-phenylene)bis(3-thioallophanate) sulphate

5-OH-thiophanate-menthyl sulfate

Rodent

dimethyl 4,4-(3-hydroxy-ortho-phenylene)bis(3-thioallophanate)

3-OH-thiophanate-methyl

Animal

dimethyl 4,4-(4-hydroxy-ortho-phenylene)bis(3-thioallophanate)

4-OH-thiophanate-methyl

Animal

methyl 4-(2-(3-methoxycarbonyl-2-thioureido)phenyl)allophanate

DX-105

Water (photoylsis); Rat; Plant

dimethyl 4,4-(ortho-phyenylene)bis(allophanate))

FH-432; Allophanate

Surface water; Animal; Plant

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 5000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

Rat

(ppm diet)

> 2.5

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

> 147

Rat Reproductive NOAEL

Moderate

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 4640

Anas platyrhynchos

Low

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

> 10000 mg kg feed⁻¹

Unknown species

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

9.1

Colinus virginianus NOAEL

High

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 13.2

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

1.60

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen mineralisation: No adverse effect
Carbon mineralisation: No adverse effect

Dose: 5 kg ha⁻¹

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

> 100

Folsomia candida

Non-target plants

> 1570

Cabbage Corn Cucumber Lettuce Oats Onions Ryegrass Tomatoes
Vegetative vigour, ER₅₀
as g ha⁻¹

> 1680

Cabbage Corn Cucumber Lettuce Oats Onions Ryegrass Tomatoes
Seedling emergence, ER₅₀
as g ha⁻¹

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 100

Apis mellifera

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

114.7

Apis mellifera

Low

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Notes

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 1500

Aphidius rhopalosiphi

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 1575

Typhlodromus pyri

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

11.0

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.32

Salmo gairdneri

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.42

Danio rerio EC₅₀ Embryo

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

5.4

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.18

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

1.0

Americamysis bahia

Moderate

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

0.44

Chironomus riparius

Moderate

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

4.7

Lemna gibba

Moderate

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

> 25.4

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Low

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

Marine bivalves

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 5000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

2000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

1.7

Rat 4 hr (whole body)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.02

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.02

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.08

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Low risk for bystanders and residents

Occupational

Use of PPE/PPC recommended to reduce exposure risks

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Rapid and extensive mainly, at normal doses, via the urine and bile.

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

No data found

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

General human health issues

Mutagenic potential; May cause genetic defects
US EPA - likely to be human carcinogen
Possible liver, kidney & thyroid toxicant

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Prevent generation of dust
Some explosive potential but generally considered not to have explosive or oxidising properties
IMDG Transport Hazard Class 6.1
Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable

CLP classification 2013

Health: H317, H332, H340
Environment: H400, H410

WHO Classification

U (Unlikely to present an acute hazard)

UN Number

UN2757

Waste disposal & packaging

Packaging Group III (minor danger)

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

thiophanate-methyl

French

thiophanate-methyle

German

Thiophanat-methyl

Danish

thiophanate-methyl

Italian

tiofanato-metile

Spanish

tiofanato de metilo

Greek

Polish

tiofanat metylowy

Swedish

tiofanatmetyl

Hungarian

tiophanate-methyl

Dutch

thiofanaat-methyl

Norwegian

Record last updated:	22/08/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242