Carbendazim (Ref: BAS 346F)

Carbendazim (Ref: BAS 346F)	Last updated: 21/10/2020
(Also known as: carbendazol; carbendazim (MBC); carbendazime; MBC)

SUMMARY

Carbendazim is a fungicide that is not approved for use in the EU. It has a low aqueous solubility, is volatile and moderately mobile. It is moderately persistent in soil and can be very persistent in water systems under certain conditions. Carbendazim has a low mammalian toxicity and is not expected to bioaccumulate. It is, however, reported as a reproduction/developmental toxicant. It is moderately toxic to honeybees and most aquatic organisms. It is highly toxic to earthworms but non-toxic to birds.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A fungicide used to control a a range of diseases including Septoria, Fusarium and Sclerotina. Can also be a pesticide transformation product

Example pests controlled

Husk spot; Chocolate spot; Grey mould; Green mould; Crown rot

Example applications

Beans; Macademia nuts; Lentils; Chickpeas; Strawberries; Sugarcane; Cereals

Efficacy & activity

Wheat/Fungal infections=Low

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

1973, first reported; 1974, first introduced

UK regulatory status

UK approval status

Approved

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Directive 91/414 Status

Not approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Germany

Date inclusion expires

Expired

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) or known to be used (#) in the following EU-27 Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece
✓
ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg
✓
LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia
			✓	✓	✓

Also used in

Australia, USA

Chemical structure

Isomerism

None

Chemical formula

C₉H₉N₃O₂

Canonical SMILES

COC(=O)NC1=NC2=CC=CC=C2N1

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

TWFZGCMQGLPBSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C9H9N3O2/c1-14-9(13)12-8-10-6-4-2-3-5-7(6)11-8/h2-5H,1H3,(H2,10,11,12,13)

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
carbendazim	-

General status

Pesticide type

Fungicide, Metabolite

Metabolite Type

Soil

Substance group

Benzimidazole

Minimum active substance purity

960 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

EU dossier - 3-amino-2-hydroxyphenazine 0.0005 g kg⁻¹; 2,3-diamino-phenazine 0.0006 g kg⁻¹

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Systemic with curative and protectant activity. Inhibition of mitosis and cell division (Beta-tubulin assembly in mitosis).

CAS RN

10605-21-7

EC number

234-323-0

CIPAC number

263

US EPA chemical code

115001/128872

PubChem CID

25429

CLP index number

613-048-00-8

Molecular mass

191.21

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

methyl 1H-1,3-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate

IUPAC name

methyl benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate

CAS name

methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate

Other status information

Marine Pollutant

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Environment Agency UK non-statutory standard for the protection of aquatic life: freshwater and saltwater annual average 0.1 µg l⁻¹; max acceptable conc: 1.0 µg l⁻¹

Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

Colourless crystalline powder

Related substances & organisms

epoxiconazole

flusilazole

Can be a metabolite of:

Parent

Formation medium

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

1107/2009 relevancy

benomyl

Soil

thiophanate-methyl

Soil

0.758

Major fraction, Relevant

thiophanate

Soil

Major fraction, Relevant

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Delsene 50 Flo
Harvesan
Mascot
Occidor
Ringer
Punch SE

Example products using this active

AgriGuard
DuPont
Nufarm
Barclay

UK LERAP status

None

Formulation and application details

Usually supplied as a soluble concentrate that is mixed with water and applied as a spray, used as a drench or pre-planting dip

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

8.0

Low

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

300

Ethanol

Benzene

135

Ethyl acetate

100

Chloroform

Melting point (°C)

305

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

305

Flashpoint (°C)

Not expected to self ignite; Not highly flammable

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

3.02 X 10⁰¹

Calculated

Log P

1.48

Low

Bulk density (g ml⁻¹)

1.45

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

4.2

Weak base

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

0.09

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

3.60 X 10^-03

Non-volatile

GUS leaching potential index

2.21

Calculated

Transition state

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

8.69 X 10^-02

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Low

Calculated

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

242.5-244nm =10410, two smaller peaks at 279-280.5nm and 285-288 nm = 14670

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

Moderately persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

34.3

Moderately persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

132.5

Persistent

DT₉₀ (field)

115

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

EU dossier Lab studies DT₅₀ range 20-40 days, DT₉₀ range 86-226 days; Field studies DT₅₀ range 11-78 days, DT₉₀ range 36-257 days; Defra give general range as 8-32 days; Other sources: DT₅₀ 120 days (F3)

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on plant matrix

Value

5.6

Note

Published literature RL₅₀ range 2.2-9.0 days, 2 undercover grown crops, various matrices, n=2

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on and in plant matrix

Value

8.4

Note

Published literature RL₅₀ range 2.2-32.0 days, 17 field crops, various matrices, n=32

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Stable at pH 5 to pH 7, DT₅₀ 22-124 days at pH 9

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

350

Persistent

Note

pH5:>350 days; pH7:>350 days; pH9: 54-124 days, all at 22-25 °C

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

33.7

Moderately fast

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

7.9

Moderately fast

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d

K_oc

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f

3.4

Moderately mobile

K_foc

225

¹/_n

0.967

Notes and range

EU dossier K_f range 1.6-6.3 mL g⁻¹, K_foc range 200-246 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 0.87-1.12, Soils=3

pH sensitivity

Key metabolites

Metabolite

Formation medium

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

1107/2009 relevancy

2-aminobenzimidazole

Soil

0.08

Minor fraction, Relevant

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Metabolising enzymes

5-hydroxymethylbenzimidazole carbamate

5-OH-MBC; 5-OH-carbendazim

a=Animal; b=Plant

a=1.00

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

Low potential

CT₅₀ (days)

Not available

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 10000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

> 10

Rat

High

(ppm diet)

> 100

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2250

Colinus virginianus

Low

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

615 mg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹

Anas platyrhynchos

Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.19

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.0032

Oncorhynchus mykiss

High

Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.15

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.0015

Daphnia magna

High

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.086

Americamysis bahia

High

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

0.0133

Chironomus riparius

Moderate

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

> 7.7

Scenedemus subspicatus

Moderate

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 50

Moderate

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 756

Low

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other pollinators (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other pollinators (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

5.4

Eisenia foetida

High

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

1.0

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Other soil macro-organisms

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Other arthropod (1)

LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

3000

> Mortality
Aphidius rhopalosiphi

% Effect

[Dose: 0.36 kg ha⁻¹]
Aphidius matricariae

Other arthropod (2)

LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> Mortality
Typhlodromus pyri

% Effect

100

[Dose: 0.03 kg ha⁻¹]
Typhlodromus pyri protonymph

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect
Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect

Dose: 1.5 kg ha⁻¹

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 10000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

2000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 5.8

Rat 4 hr (head/nose)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.02

Rabbit SF-500

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.02

Rat SF=500

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.02

Rat SF=500

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Negligible risk to consumers and bystanders

Occupational

Low risk to agricultural workers

European MRLs

EU MRL pesticide database

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

No data found

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

Evidence of liver enzyme induction
Possible liver toxicant
USEPA - possible human carcinogen Increase of estrogen production and aromatase activity

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

IMDG Transport Code is usually 9

CLP classification 2013

Health: H340, H360fd
Environment: H400, H410

EC Risk Classification

Mutagenic category 2: R46
Reproduction risk category 2: R60, R61
N - Dangerous for the environment: R50, R53

EC Safety Classification

S45, S53, S60, S61

WHO Classification

U (Unlikely to present an acute hazard)

UN Number

Usually 3082

Waste disposal & packaging

Packaging Group III (minor danger)

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

carbendazim

French

carbendazime

German

Carbendazim

Danish

carbendazim

Italian

carbendazim

Spanish

carbendazima

Greek

carbendazim

Polish

karbendazym

Swedish

karbendazim

Hungarian

karbendazim

Dutch

carbendazim

Record last updated:	21/10/2020
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242