The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement. These hazard alerts do not take account of usage patterns or exposure, thus do not represent risk.
Environmental fate
Ecotoxicity
Human health
Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Fish acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Fish chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate; Daphnia acute ecotoxicity: Moderate
Human health Low alert
Warning: Significant data are missing
GENERAL INFORMATION
Description
An extract from Pinus spp. used as a non-selective contact herbicide and as a mild disinfectant in public health situations
Example pests controlled
General weed control particularly soft non-woody species; General disingectant; Bacteria; Viruses
Example applications
Non-food areas; Domestic gardens; Public areas
Efficacy & activity
As a herbicide in an agricultrual situation field studies have shown control ratings across a range of common agrcultural weeds of around 10%. Whilst initial visiual effects look promising regrowth is rapid. Efficacy is best for soft, non-woody, shallow rooted weeds especially as seedlings.
GB regulatory status
GB COPR regulatory status
Not approved
Date COPR inclusion expires
Not applicable
GB LERAP status
No UK approval for use as a plant protection agent
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)
EC Regulation 1107/2009 status
Not approved
Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur
Not applicable
Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires
Not applicable
EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)
Not applicable
Listed in EU database
No
Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States
ATAustria
BEBelgium
BGBulgaria
CYCyprus
CZCzech Republic
DEGermany
DKDenmark
EEEstonia
ELGreece
ESSpain
FIFinland
FRFrance
HRCroatia
HUHungary
IEIreland
ITItaly
LTLithuania
LULuxembourg
LVLatvia
MTMalta
NLNetherlands
PLPoland
PTPortugal
RORomania
SESweden
SISlovenia
SKSlovakia
Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries
ISIceland
NONorway
Additional information
Also used in
USA
Chemical structure
Isomerism
Pine oil, as a complex mixture, contains isomeric compounds. The most notable are the positional isomers alpha-terpineol and beta-terpineol, structural isomers alpha-pinene and beta-pinene as well as limonene that exists as stereoisomers.
Widely used as a disinfectant. Approved as biocide in many countries including EU & UK
Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards
-
Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)
-
Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)
-
Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)
Not applicable
Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)
Not applicable
Examples of recorded resistance
Not applicable
Physical state
Colourless to pale yellow oily liquid comprised of various botanical chemicals including alpha-terpineol (~30%), linalool (~24%), limolene (~17%) and anethole (~15%)
Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically
Certified Organics Ltd.
BFA organic
Kurman Vo. Ltd
Example products using this active
Interceptor
Pine oil 80
Weed Blitz
Formulation and application details
Usually formulated as an aqueous emulsion
Commercial production
Commercial production of pine oil involves extracting essential oil from pine trees, typically from needles, stumps, or sap, using steam distillation, the most common and environmentally friendly method. In this process, raw pine material is placed in a still where high-temperature steam vaporises volatile compounds, which are then condensed and separated from water to yield pine oil. Alternative methods like solvent extraction and microwave-assisted extraction are also used for specialised applications.
Impact on climate of production and use
Data for specific plant oils is scarce. However, from publicly available data the carbon footprint of plant oils has been estimated at between 1.0 and 4.0 kg CO₂e per kg of oil. This depends on the plant oil content, agricultural practices and processing methods used.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Property
Value
Source; quality score; and other information
Interpretation
Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)
-
-
-
Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)
-
-
-
Melting point (°C)
5.0
Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source
-
Boiling point (°C)
201
F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 3 = Unverified data of known source
-
Degradation point (°C)
-
-
-
Flashpoint (°C)
65
Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source
-
Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C
P
5.01 X 1001
Calculated
-
Log P
1.7
Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source
Literature states that pine oil breaks down completely within 3 days
Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix
Value
-
-
-
Note
-
Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix
Value
-
-
-
Note
-
Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7
Value
-
-
-
Note
-
Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7
Value
-
-
-
Note
-
Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)
-
-
-
Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)
-
-
-
Sediment phase only DT₅₀ (days)
-
-
-
Air degradation
As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.
Decay in stored produce DT₅₀
-
Soil adsorption and mobility
Property
Value
Source; quality score; and other information
Interpretation
Linear
Kd (mL g⁻¹)
-
-
-
Koc (mL g⁻¹)
-
Notes and range
-
Freundlich
Kf (mL g⁻¹)
-
-
-
Kfoc (mL g⁻¹)
-
1/n
-
Notes and range
-
pH sensitivity
-
Fate indices
Property
Value
Source; quality score; and other information
Interpretation
GUS leaching potential index
-
-
-
SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate
Value
Cannot be calculated
-
-
Note
-
Potential for particle bound transport index
-
-
-
Potential for loss via drain flow
-
-
-
Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk
Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242
Ecotoxicity
Human health
Warning:
