Flonicamid (Ref: IKI 220)

Flonicamid (Ref: IKI 220)	Last updated: 20/11/2024
(Also known as: F 1785)

SUMMARY

Flonicamid is a systemic pyridine insecticide used in the field and in glasshouses. It has a high aqueous solubility and a low volatility. Evidence suggests it is not persistent in soil but may be in aquatic systems. Based on physico-chemical properties, there is some risk that the substance may to leach to groundwater. Ecotoxicity is moderate to low for most species. It has a moderate mammalian oral toxicity. It may be a liver and kidney toxicant.

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate High alert: Drainflow: Very mobile	Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Birds acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Birds chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate; Fish chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate; Daphnia chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate; Bees acute oral ecotoxicity: Moderate	Human health Moderate alert: Mammals acute toxicity: Moderate; Mammals chronic toxicity: Moderate; Possible Carcinogen; Reproduction/development effects

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

An insecticide used to control aphids, thrips and whitefly in a range of situations including glasshouses

Example pests controlled

Aphids, Thrips, Whiteflies; Caterpillars

Example applications

Fruit including apples, pears, peaches, plums, melons, cherries; Cereals including wheat, barley, oats, rye, triticale; Potatoes; Cucumbers; Tomatoes; Aubergine; Various vegetables

Efficacy & activity

Efficiacy proven by field trials

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

2000, introduced

GB regulatory status

GB COPR regulatory status

Approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

31/08/2031

GB LERAP status

None

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

France/Sweden

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

30/11/2026

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece
✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg
✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia
✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway
✓	✓

Additional information

Also used in

Egypt

Chemical structure

Isomerism

None

Chemical formula

C₉H₆F₃N₃O

Canonical SMILES

C1=CN=CC(=C1C(F)(F)F)C(=O)NCC#N

Isomeric SMILES

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

RLQJEEJISHYWON-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C9H6F3N3O/c10-9(11,12)7-1-3-14-5-6(7)8(16)15-4-2-13/h1,3,5H,4H2,(H,15,16)

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Insecticide

Substance groups

Pyridine insecticide

Minimum active substance purity

960 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

EU dossier - Toluene max. 4 g kg⁻¹

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Systemic, selective with long term activity. Thought to distrub insect feeding pattern. Chordotonal organ modulator.

CAS RN

158062-67-0

EC number

605-127-0

CIPAC number

763

US EPA chemical code

128016

PubChem CID

9834513

CLP index number

616-216-00-9

Molecular mass

229.16

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

N-(cyanomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3-carboxamide

IUPAC name

N-cyanomethyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinamide

CAS name

N-(cyanomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

None identified

Physical state

Pure white powder when pure, which darkens to beige as purity decreases

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Belchim
ISK Biosciences
FMC Corp

Example products using this active

Teppeki
Beleaf
Carbine
Mainman

Formulation and application details

Often supplied as wettable granules that are mixed with water and applied as a spray

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

5300

High

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

163500

Acetone

34200

Ethyl acetate

4500

Dichloromethane

550

Toluene

Melting point (°C)

157.5

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

306

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

1.26 X 10⁰⁰

Calculated

Log P

0.1

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Insoluble

Data type

Regulatory data - observed in metabolism and farm animal feeding studies

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.54

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

11.6

Strong base

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

2.55 X 10^-03

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

4.20 X 10^-08

Non-volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Neutral solution: 265nm = 3870
Acidic solution: 266nm = 3890
Basic solution: 204nm = 13200, 270nm = 4190

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

47.3

at 25°C 98.7%

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

0.93

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

0.93

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

3.1

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

3.36

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

0.59

Note

EU dossier 2023 lab studies DT₅₀ (measured) range 0.29-2.4 days, DT₉₀ (measured) range 0.97-7.9 days, Soils=9

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

22.1

Note

Pear fuit, open field

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Stable at pH 4 and 7, 204 days at pH 9

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

39.8

Moderately fast

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

27.9

Slow

Sediment phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

[Pear homogenate: No observed residue decay @ <=20 DegC after 7 days; Lab study]

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

0.08

Very mobile

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

5.4

Notes and range

EU dossier 2023 K_d range 0.03-1.7 mL g⁻¹, K_oc range 2.5-6.9 mL g⁻¹, Soils=4

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

¹/_n

Notes and range

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

1.61

Calculated

Low leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

3.40 X 10^-03

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Low

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Very mobile

Calculated

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

328.8

Calculated using the Atkinson method. Assumed 1.5E+06 OH/cm³, 12 hr

Substance of concern for long-range air transport

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

Low risk

Based on LogP < 3

Low risk

CT₅₀ (days)

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

N-(4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinoyl)glycinamide

Major fraction

0.125

6-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid

Major fraction

0.253

N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl)glycine (Ref: TFNG)

Major fraction

0.513

N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl)glycinamide (Ref: TFNA-AM)

Major fraction

0.076

4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid

Major fraction

0.524

trifluoroacetic acid (Ref: TFA)

Major fraction

0.225

1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1λ5-pyridine-3-carboxamide (Ref: N-oxide of TFNA-AM)

Major fraction

0.225

Known groundwater metabolites

Metabolite

EC SANCO/221/2000 relevancy

ADI (mg kg⁻¹ bodyweight day⁻¹)

WHO drinking water guidance value (μg L⁻¹ day⁻¹)

trifluoroacetic acid (Ref: TFA)

Relevant

6-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid

Relevant

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid

TFNA

Animal, Rat, Plant, Surface water, Sediment

6-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid

TFNA-OH

Plant, Surface water, Sediment

N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl)glycinamide

TFNA-AM

Rat, Plant, Animal

6-hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3-carboxamide

OH-TFNA-AM

Rat, Animal

N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl)glycine

TFNG

Rat, Plant, Surface water, Sediment

N-(4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinoyl)glycinamide

TFNG-AM

Rat, Plant, Animal

1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1λ5-pyridine-3-carboxamide

N-oxide of TFNA-AM

Plant

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

884

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

Rabbit

High

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

109.1

Rat Reproductive NOAEL

Moderate

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

1591

Anas platyrhynchos

Moderate

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

> 5000 mg kg⁻¹ bw

Colinus virginianus

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Anas platyrhynchos NOED

Moderate

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 1000

Eisenia foetida

Low

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

250

Eisenia foetida

Low

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect
Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect

Dose: not known

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

> 50

Folsomia candida

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 100

Apis mellifera

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 60.5

Apis mellifera

Moderate

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic NOED, repeat exposure 22 days, larva

13.0

Apis mellifera

Notes

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 100

Bombus terrestris

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 75.8

Bombus terrestris

Moderate

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds) as Mortality ER₅₀ g ha⁻¹

. 85

Coccinella septempuctata Larvae

Beneficial insects (Lacewings) as Mortality ER₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 183

Chrysoperla carnea Larvae

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 273

Aphidius rhopalosiphi

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 273

Typhlodromus pyri

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 45.0

Poecilus cupreus

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 100

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Low

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Pimephales promelas

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 100

Daphnia magna

Low

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

3.1

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Chironomus riparius 48 hr

Moderate

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Chironomus riparius

Low

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

6.6

Chironomus riparius

Moderate

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

> 119

Lemna gibba Biomass

Low

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

> 100

Raphidocelis subcapitata

Low

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

> 100

Raphidocelis subcapitata

Low

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

Marine bivalves

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

884

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

5000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 4.9

Rat 4 hr (nose only aerosol)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.073

Rat SF=100 [Other data: 0.01 UK ACP 2005]

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.075

Rabbit - developmental SF=100 [Other data: 0.04 UK ACP 2005]

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.075

Rabbit SF=100

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.073

Rat SF=100 [Other data: 0.04 UK ACP 2005]

Dermal penetration studies (%)

3.4-29%

concentration dependent

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

No risks anticipated when used as advised

Occupational

PPE/PPC advised in order to mitigate risks

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

GB MRL modified for some crops August 2024. Consult register.

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

0.1

EU Dir 89/778/EC limit; Calc MAC=219.0 µg l⁻¹

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Rapid and extensive, >80 % within 24 hrs

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

No data found

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

Possible liver and kidney toxicant
US EPA - weak evidence to suggest possible human carcinogen

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not explosive or oxidising
Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable

CLP classification 2013

Health: H302

WHO Classification

II (Moderately hazardous)

UN Number

Waste disposal & packaging

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

flonicamid

French

flonicamide

German

Flonicamid

Danish

flonicamid

Italian

flonicamid

Spanish

flonicamida

Greek

Polish

flonikamid

Swedish

flonicamid

Hungarian

Dutch

Norwegian

flonikamid

Record last updated:	20/11/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242