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Fonofos (Ref: N-2790)
Last updated: 18/08/2021
(Also known as: fonophos; dyfonate; difonate)
SUMMARY
Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate Ecotoxicity Human health
Environmental fate
Moderate alert:
Moderately persistent; Drainflow: Slightly mobile; Potential for particle bound transport: Medium
Ecotoxicity
High alert:
Fish acute ecotoxicity: High; Fish chronic ecotoxicity: High; Daphnia acute ecotoxicity: High; Daphnia chronic ecotoxicity: High; Bees acute unknown ecotoxicity: High
Human health
High alert:
Mammals acute toxicity: High; Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor; Neurotoxicant
GENERAL INFORMATION
Description
An obsolete soil acting insecticide once used on various crops but predominately corn to control various sucking pests
Example pests controlled
Aphids, Corn rootworm; Wireworm; Cutworms; White grubs; Corn maggots; Symphylans
Example applications
Vegetables including asparagus, beans, onions, peppers, sweet potatoes; Ornamentals; Corn; Turf and lawns
Efficacy & activity
-
Availability status
Considered obsolete but may be available in some countries
Introduction & key dates
1965, first reported
UK regulatory status
UK COPR regulatory status
Not approved
Date COPR inclusion expires
Expired
UK LERAP status
No UK approval for use
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)
EC Regulation 1107/2009 status
Not approved
Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur
-
Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires
Expired
EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)
-
Listed in EU database
Yes
Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States
ATAustria
BEBelgium
BGBulgaria
CYCyprus
CZCzech Republic
DEGermany
DKDenmark
EEEstonia
ELGreece
                 
ESSpain
FIFinland
FRFrance
HRCroatia
HUHungary
IEIreland
ITItaly
LTLithuania
LULuxembourg
                 
LVLatvia
MTMalta
NLNetherlands
PLPoland
PTPortugal
RORomania
SESweden
SISlovenia
SKSlovakia
                 
Additional information
Also used in
USA
Chemical structure
Isomerism
A chiral molecule existing in the R- and S-forms. The R-isomer is more biologically active than the S-isomer.
Chemical formula
C₁₀H₁₅OPS₂
Canonical SMILES
CCOP(=S)(CC)SC1=CC=CC=C1
Isomeric SMILES
No data
International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)
KVGLBTYUCJYMND-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International Chemical Identifier (InChI)
InChI=1S/C10H15OPS2/c1-3-11-12(13,4-2)14-10-8-6-5-7-9-10/h5-9H,3-4H2,1-2H3
2D structure diagram/image available?
Yes
General status
Pesticide type
Insecticide
Substance group
Organophosphate
Minimum active substance purity
>99.5%
Known relevant impurities
-
Substance origin
Synthetic
Mode of action
Cholinesterase inhibitor. Non-systemic with contact and stomach action.
CAS RN
944-22-9
Alternative/old CAS RN
66767-39-3; 62705-71-9; 62680-03-9
EC number
213-408-0
CIPAC number
306
US EPA chemical code
041701
PubChem CID
13676
Molecular mass
246.3
PIN (Preferred Identification Name)
-
IUPAC name
(RS)-O-ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate
CAS name
O-ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate
Other status information
Potential groundwater contaminant; Severe Marine Pollutant; Subject to the provisions of the UK Poisons Act 1972
Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards
-
Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)
Not applicable
Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)
Not applicable
Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)
Not known
Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)
Not applicable
Examples of recorded resistance
Delia antiqua, Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Sedes nigromaculis, Diabrotica virgifera
Physical state
Clear colourless to yellow coloured liquid
Formulations
Property
Value
Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically
  • Stauffer Chemical Co.
  • Zeneca
Example products using this active
  • Capfos
  • Edge
  • Tenax
  • Tycap
  • Dyfonate
Formulation and application details
Available in a wide variety of different formulations including granules, suspension concentrates and seed treatments
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Property
Value
Source; quality score; and other information
Interpretation
Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)
13
K4 K = Research datasets, e.g. Pandora, Demetra
4 = Verified data
 Low
Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)
Miscible
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources
3 = Unverified data of known source
Acetone		 -
Miscible
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources
3 = Unverified data of known source
Ethanol		 -
Miscible
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources
3 = Unverified data of known source
Xylene		 -
Miscible
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources
3 = Unverified data of known source
Kerosene		 -
Melting point (°C)
Not applicable
Q3 Q = Miscellaneous internet resources
3 = Unverified data of known source
 -
Boiling point (°C)
130
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources
3 = Unverified data of known source
 -
Degradation point (°C)
- - -
Flashpoint (°C)
- - -
Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C
P
7.94 X 1003 Calculated -
Log P
3.9
G4 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET (click here )
4 = Verified data
 High
Bulk density (g ml⁻¹)
1.17
Q2 Q = Miscellaneous internet resources
2 = Unverified data of unknown source
 -
Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C
- - -
-
Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)
27
K4 K = Research datasets, e.g. Pandora, Demetra
4 = Verified data
 Highly volatile
Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)
6.56 X 10-01
H4 H = The US ARS pesticide properties database (click here )
4 = Verified data
 Moderately volatile
Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹
- - -
Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)
- - -
Degradation
Property
Value
Source; quality score; and other information
Interpretation
General biodegradability
-
Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)
DT₅₀ (typical)
99
K4 K = Research datasets, e.g. Pandora, Demetra
4 = Verified data
 Moderately persistent
DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)
99
K4 K = Research datasets, e.g. Pandora, Demetra
4 = Verified data
 Moderately persistent
DT₅₀ (field)
40
F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment )
3 = Unverified data of known source
 Moderately persistent
DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)
- - -
DT₉₀ (field)
- - -
DT₅₀ modelling endpoint
- - -
Note
General literature DT₅₀ range 48-150 days (R2)
Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on plant matrix
Value
- - -
Note
-
Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on and in plant matrix
Value
- - -
Note
-
Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7
Value
- - -
Note
-
Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7
Value
38
K3 K = Research datasets, e.g. Pandora, Demetra
3 = Unverified data of known source
 Moderately persistent
Note
-
Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)
- - -
Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)
- - -
Soil adsorption and mobility
Property
Value
Source; quality score; and other information
Interpretation
Linear
Kd
-
G3 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET (click here )
3 = Unverified data of known source
 Slightly mobile
Koc
870
Notes and range
-
Freundlich
Kf
- - -
Kfoc
-
1/n
-
Notes and range
-
pH sensitivity
-
Fate indices
Property
Value
Source; quality score; and other information
Interpretation
GUS leaching potential index
1.70 Calculated Low leachability
SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate
Value
5.08 X 10-02 Calculated -
Note
-
Potential for particle bound transport index
Medium Calculated -
Potential for loss via drain flow
Slightly mobile Calculated -
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Property
Value
Source; quality score; and other information
Interpretation
Bio-concentration factor
BCF (l kg⁻¹)
300
Q2 Q = Miscellaneous internet resources
2 = Unverified data of unknown source
Estimated		 Threshold for concern
CT₅₀ (days)
Not available -
Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)
6.8
G4 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET (click here )
4 = Verified data
Rat		 High
Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL
(mg kg⁻¹)
- - -
(ppm diet)
- -
Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)
- - -
Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)
128
G4 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET (click here )
4 = Verified data
Anas platyrhynchos		 Moderate
Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)
- - -
Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)
- - -
Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)
0.028
G4 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET (click here )
4 = Verified data
Lepomis macrochirus		 High
Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)
> 0.0023
P3 P = Other governments and regulators
3 = Unverified data of known source
Lepomis macrochirus 30 day		 High
Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)
0.0023
F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment )
3 = Unverified data of known source
Daphnia magna		 High
Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)
> 0.0003
P3 P = Other governments and regulators
3 = Unverified data of known source
Daphnia magna		 High
Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)
0.00041
F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment )
3 = Unverified data of known source
Americamysis bahia		 High
Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)
0.039
F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment )
3 = Unverified data of known source
Chironomus riparius 2 day		 High
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)
- - -
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)
- - -
Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)
- - -
Non-target plants
- - -
- - -
Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)
1.5
K2 K = Research datasets, e.g. Pandora, Demetra
2 = Unverified data of unknown source
Unknown species		 Moderate
Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)
0.5
Q2 Q = Miscellaneous internet resources
2 = Unverified data of unknown source
Unknown species		 Moderate
Honeybees (Apis spp.)
Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)
> 3.3
K4 K = Research datasets, e.g. Pandora, Demetra
4 = Verified data
 Moderate
Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)
- - -
Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)
0.0087
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources
3 = Unverified data of known source
 High
Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)
Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)
- - -
-
Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)
- - -
-
Mason bees (Osmia spp.)
Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)
- - -
Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)
- - -
Other pollinators (1)
Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)
- - -
Mode of exposure
-
Other pollinators (2)
Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)
- - -
Mode of exposure
-
Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)
218
K4 K = Research datasets, e.g. Pandora, Demetra
4 = Verified data
 Moderate
Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)
- - -
Other soil macro-organisms
Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)
- - -
Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)
- - -
Other arthropod (1)
LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹
- - -
% Effect
- - -
Other arthropod (2)
LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹
- - -
% Effect
- - -
Soil micro-organisms
- - -
Mesocosm study data
NOEAEC mg l⁻¹
- - -
NOEAEC mg l⁻¹
- - -
HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION
General
Property
Value
Source; quality score; and other information
Interpretation
Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)
High (class III) - -
Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)
6.8
G4 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET (click here )
4 = Verified data
Rat		 High
Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)
147
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources
3 = Unverified data of known source
Rat		 -
Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)
- - -
Other Mammal toxicity endpoints
- - -
ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)
- - -
ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)
0.002
G3 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET (click here )
3 = Unverified data of known source
 -
AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)
- - -
AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)
- - -
Dermal penetration studies (%)
- - -
Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464
List I; List II - -
Exposure Routes
Public
-
Occupational
May be absorbed through the skin
MRLs
European
EU MRL pesticide database 
Great Britain
GB MRL Register 
Notes
-
Drinking Water Standards
- - -
Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)
- - -
Health issues
Specific human health issues
Carcinogen
Genotoxic
Endocrine disruptor
XNo, known not to cause a problem
A0 A = Chromosome aberration (EFSA database)
0 = No data
;
B0 B = DNA damage/repair (EFSA database)
0 = No data
;
C0 C = Gene mutation (EFSA database)
0 = No data
;
D0 D = Genome mutation (EFSA database)
0 = No data
;
E3 E = Unspecified genotoxicity type (miscellaneous data source)
3 = Negative
 No data found
Reproduction / development effects Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor Neurotoxicant
?Possibly, status not identified
✓Yes, known to cause a problem
✓Yes, known to cause a problem
Respiratory tract irritant Skin irritant Skin sensitiser
No data found
XNo, known not to cause a problem
 No data found
Eye irritant Phototoxicant  
XNo, known not to cause a problem
 No data found  
General human health issues
Highly toxic
Ingestion may cause nausea, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea
Handling issues
Property
Value and interpretation
General
No information available
CLP classification 2013
Health: H300, H310
Environment: H400, H410
EC Risk Classification
T+ - Very toxic: R27/28
N - Dangerous for the environment: R50, R53
EC Safety Classification
S1/2, S26, S36/37, S45, S60, S61
WHO Classification
Ia (Extremely hazardous)
UN Number
-
Waste disposal & packaging
-
TRANSLATIONS
Language
Name
English
fonofos
French
fonofos
German
Fonofos
Danish
fonofos
Italian
fonofos
Spanish
fonofos
Greek
fonofos
Polish
fonofos
Swedish
fonofos
Hungarian
fonofos
Dutch
fonofos
Record last updated: 18/08/2021
Contact: aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as: Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242