Halofenozide (Ref: RH 0345)

Halofenozide (Ref: RH 0345)	Last updated: 20/03/2022
(Also known as: halofenoxide; CL 290816)

SUMMARY

Halofenozide is a soil insecticide. It has a low aqueous solubility and, based on its chemical properties, it may have a tendency to leach to groundwater. It can be persistent in soil systems and, under certain conditions, may also persist in aquatic systems. Whilst it has a relatively low mammalian toxicity there is some concern regarding its potential to bioaccumulate. It is moderately toxic to many aquatic species, honey bees and earthworms but is only slightly toxic to birds.

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate High alert: Persistent; GUS: High leachability	Ecotoxicity High alert: Fish chronic ecotoxicity: High	Human health Moderate alert: Neurotoxicant

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A insecticide for the larval stage control of insects on grass

Example pests controlled

White grub larvae including those from Japanese beetles, Northern and Northern masked chafers, Oriental beetles, Lepidoptera karvae including cutworms, sod wetworms and armyworms

Example applications

Lawns; Golf courses; Turf

Efficacy & activity

Availability status

Considered obsolete but may be available in some countries

Introduction & key dates

1997

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status

Not approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

Not applicable

UK LERAP status

No UK approval for use

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Not approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Not applicable

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Not applicable

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Not applicable

Listed in EU database

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece

ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg

LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia

Additional information

Also used in

USA

Chemical structure

Isomerism

None

Chemical formula

C₁₈H₁₉ClN₂O₂

Canonical SMILES

CC(C)(C)N(C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1)NC(=O)C2=CC=C(C=C2)Cl

Isomeric SMILES

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

CNKHSLKYRMDDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C18H19ClN2O2/c1-18(2,3)21(17(23)14-7-5-4-6-8-14)20-16(22)13-9-11-15(19)12-10-13/h4-12H,1-3H3,(H,20,22)

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Insecticide, Insect growth regulator

Substance groups

Diacylhydrazine insecticide; Monochlorobenzene insecticide

Minimum active substance purity

Known relevant impurities

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Systemic with stomach action. Disrupts the hormonal systems that control insect growth and moulting. Ecdysone receptor agonist

CAS RN

112226-61-6

EC number

431-600-4

CIPAC number

None allocated

US EPA chemical code

PubChem CID

114994

Molecular mass

330.81

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

IUPAC name

N-tert-butyl-N'-(4-chlorobenzoyl)benzohydrazide

CAS name

4-chlorobenzoic acid 2-benzoyl-2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)hydrazide

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)

Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

None identified

Physical state

White crystalline solid with mild amino odour

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Dow AgroSciences
VPG Texas USA

Example products using this active

Mach 2
Natural Guard Grub Control

Formulation and application details

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

12.3

Low

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

31000

Isopropanol

154000

Cyclohexanone

Melting point (°C)

200

Boiling point (°C)

Degradation point (°C)

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

2.19 X 10⁰³

Calculated

Log P

3.34

High

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Data type

Density (g ml⁻¹)

0.46

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

219

Persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

220

Persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

DT₅₀ 219 days aerobic, 60.0 days anaerobic; Other sources: 129 days (DW4); 68 (silt loam) to 818 (sand loam) (F4)

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on and in plant matrix

Value

Note

Published literature RL₅₀ range 5.0-100 days, grass, n=2

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Moderately fast

Note

Value for pond water

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

pH variable: DT₅₀ 310 days at pH 5, 481 days at pH 7, 226 days at pH 9

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d

Moderately mobile

K_oc

250

Notes and range

EU dossier 1031 mL g⁻¹ (US3, DW3), 224-279 mL g⁻¹ (L3); 149-360 mL g⁻¹ (F4)

Freundlich

K_f

K_foc

¹/_n

Notes and range

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

3.75

Calculated

High leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

9.48 X 10^-01

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Medium

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Moderately mobile

Calculated

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

100

Worst case data

Threshold for concern

CT₅₀ (days)

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

2850

Rat

Low

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2250

Colinus virginianus

Low

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 980

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Soil micro-organisms

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 100

Apis mellifera

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other pollinators (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other pollinators (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps)

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites)

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 8.6

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.029

Gambusia affinis 15 day

Moderate

Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 3.2

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.2

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 2.9

Americamysis bahia

Moderate

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.63

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Moderate

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

2850

Rat

Low

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

2000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

2.7

Rat

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Occupational

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

May cause methemoglobinemia
Possible blood, liver and CNS toxicant

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

No information available

CLP classification 2013

Health: H317
Environment: H411

WHO Classification

III (Slightly hazardous)

UN Number

Waste disposal & packaging

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

halofenozide

French

halofenozide

German

Halofenozid

Danish

halofenozid

Italian

halofenozide

Spanish

halofenozide

Greek

Polish

halofenozyd

Swedish

Hungarian

Dutch

Record last updated:	20/03/2022
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242