Propachlor (Ref: CP 31393)	Last updated: 13/10/2023
(Also known as: propachlore)

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SUMMARY

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate Moderate alert: Drainflow: Moderately mobile	Ecotoxicity High alert: Birds acute ecotoxicity: High	Human health High alert: Reproduction/development effects

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description	A pre-emergence herbicide for control of annual grasses and some broad-leaved weeds
Example pests controlled	Annual ryegrass; Barnyard grass; Pimpernel; Chickweed; Deadnettle; Fleabane; Shepherd's purse; Fathen
Example applications	Soybeans; Grain sorghum; Corn; Peas; Pumkins; Cotton; Flax
Efficacy & activity	-
Availability status	Current
Introduction & key dates	1964

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status	Not approved
Date COPR inclusion expires	Expired
UK LERAP status	No UK approval for use

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status	Not approved
Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur	Netherlands
Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires	Expired
EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)	Not applicable
Listed in EU database	Yes
Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States	ATAustria BEBelgium BGBulgaria CYCyprus CZCzech Republic DEGermany DKDenmark EEEstonia ELGreece                   ESSpain FIFinland FRFrance HRCroatia HUHungary IEIreland ITItaly LTLithuania LULuxembourg                   LVLatvia MTMalta NLNetherlands PLPoland PTPortugal RORomania SESweden SISlovenia SKSlovakia
Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries	ISIceland NONorway

Additional information

Also used in	Australia

Chemical structure

Isomerism	None
Chemical formula	C₁₁H₁₄ClNO
Canonical SMILES	CC(C)N(C1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)CCl
Isomeric SMILES	No data
International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)	MFOUDYKPLGXPGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International Chemical Identifier (InChI)	InChI=1S/C11H14ClNO/c1-9(2)13(11(14)8-12)10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9H,8H2,1-2H3
2D structure diagram/image available?	Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
propachlor	-

General status

Pesticide type	Herbicide
Substance groups	Chloroacetanilide herbicide
Minimum active substance purity	-
Known relevant impurities	-
Substance origin	Synthetic
Mode of action	Selective, systemic, effects cell formation and protein synthesis. Inhibition of VLCFA (inhibition of cell division).
CAS RN	1918-16-7
EC number	217-638-2
CIPAC number	176
US EPA chemical code	019101
PubChem CID	4931
CLP index number	616-008-00-8
Molecular mass	211.69
PIN (Preferred Identification Name)	-
IUPAC name	2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide
CAS name	2-chloro-N-(1-methylethyl)-N-phenylacetamide
Other status information	Marine Pollutant; Chemical subject to PIC regulations
Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards	-
Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)	K3
Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)	15
Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)	Not applicable
Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)	Not applicable
Examples of recorded resistance	-
Physical state	Light tan solid

Formulations

Property	Value
Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically	AgriGuard Certis Greencrop Makhteshim-Agan Nufarm
Example products using this active	Alpha Propachlor 50SC Ashlade CP Titan 480 Ramrod
Formulation and application details	Often supplied as emulsifiable concentrates, granules or suspension concentrate

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)		580	H4 H = The US ARS pesticide properties database. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data	High
Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)		353900	C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data Acetone	-
		205500	C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data Xylene	-
		296100	C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data Toluene	-
		655900	C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data Benzene	-
Melting point (°C)		77	A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes	-
Boiling point (°C)		-	-	-
Degradation point (°C)		170	F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 4 = Verified data	-
Flashpoint (°C)		174	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source (open cup)	-
Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C	P	3.98 X 1001	Calculated	-
	Log P	1.6	H4 H = The US ARS pesticide properties database. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data	Low
Fat solubility of residues	Solubility	-	-	-
	Data type	-	-	-
Density (g ml⁻¹)		1.13	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	-
Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C		-	-	-
		-
Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)		30.6	H4 H = The US ARS pesticide properties database. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data	Highly volatile
Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)		3.65 X 10-03	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	Non-volatile
Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹		-	-	-
Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)		-	-	-

Degradation

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
General biodegradability		-
Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)	DT₅₀ (typical)	5	K4 K = Research datasets (e.g. Pandora, Demetra; these datasets no longer available). Norman Ecotoxicology database. (click here ) 4 = Verified data	Non-persistent
	DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)	3	P3 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators 3 = Unverified data of known source	Non-persistent
	DT₅₀ (field)	-	-	-
	DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)	-	-	-
	DT₉₀ (field)	-	-	-
	DT₅₀ modelling endpoint	-	-	-
	Note	Best available data 1-10 days; Other sources: DT₅₀ 6 days (DW4)
Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on plant matrix	Value	-	-	-
	Note	-
Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on and in plant matrix	Value	-	-	-
	Note	-
Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7	Value	18	K4 K = Research datasets (e.g. Pandora, Demetra; these datasets no longer available). Norman Ecotoxicology database. (click here ) 4 = Verified data	Slow
	Note	-
Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7	Value	28	K4 K = Research datasets (e.g. Pandora, Demetra; these datasets no longer available). Norman Ecotoxicology database. (click here ) 4 = Verified data	Non-persistent
	Note	-
Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)		84	K4 K = Research datasets (e.g. Pandora, Demetra; these datasets no longer available). Norman Ecotoxicology database. (click here ) 4 = Verified data	Moderately fast
Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)		4.5	K4 K = Research datasets (e.g. Pandora, Demetra; these datasets no longer available). Norman Ecotoxicology database. (click here ) 4 = Verified data	Moderately fast

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Linear	Kd	-	H3 H = The US ARS pesticide properties database. Dataset is no longer available. 3 = Unverified data of known source	Moderately mobile
	Koc	80
	Notes and range	-
Freundlich	Kf	-	-	-
	Kfoc	-
	1/n	-
	Notes and range	-
pH sensitivity		-

Fate indices

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
GUS leaching potential index		1.00	Calculated	Low leachability
SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate	Value	2.27 X 10-03	Calculated	-
	Note	-
Potential for particle bound transport index		Low	Calculated	-
Potential for loss via drain flow		Moderately mobile	Calculated	-
Bio-concentration factor	BCF (l kg⁻¹)	37	F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 4 = Verified data Whole fish	Low potential
	CT₅₀ (days)	Not available		-

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite	Major/Minor fraction	Estimated maximum occurrence fraction	Notes
propachlor methyl sulfoxide	-	-	Aerobic
2-hydroxy-N-(1-methylethyl)-N-phenyl acetamide	-	-	Aerobic
N-(1-methylethyl)-N-phenylacetamide	-	-	Aerobic
propachlor disulfide	-	-	Aerobic
propachlor thiol	-	-	Aerobic
[(1-methylethyl)phenylamino] oxacetic acid	-	-	Aerobic
2[(1-methylethyl)phenylamino]-2-oxo-ethane sylfonic acid	-	-	Aerobic
propachlor sulfonic acid	-	-	-
(([1-methylethyl)phenylamino] acetyl) sulfinyl) acetic acid	-	-	Aerobic
N-(1-methylethyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)-N-phenyl acetamide	-	-	Aerobic

Known groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference	Aliases	Formation medium / Rate	Estimated maximum occurrence fraction	Metabolising enzymes
propachlor methyl sulfoxide	-	Water (Anaerobic)	-	-
2-hydroxy-N-(1-methylethyl)-N-phenyl acetamide	propachlor alcohol	Water (Anaerobic)	-	-
N-(1-methylethyl)-N-phenylacetamide	norchloropropachlor	Water (Anaerobic)	-	-
propachlor disulfide	-	Water (Anaerobic)	-	-
2[(1-methylethyl)phenylamino]-2-oxo-ethane sylfonic acid	propachlor sulfonic acid	Water (Anaerobic)	-	-

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)		> 1500	F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 3 = Unverified data of known source Rat	Moderate
Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL	(mg kg⁻¹)	5.4	L2 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source Rat 2 year	High
	(ppm diet)	-		-
Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)		-	-	-
Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)		> 91	K4 K = Research datasets (e.g. Pandora, Demetra; these datasets no longer available). Norman Ecotoxicology database. (click here ) 4 = Verified data Colinus virginianus	High
Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)		-	-	-
Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)		-	-	-
Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)		218	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	Moderate
Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)		-	-	-
Soil micro-organisms		-	-	-
Collembola	Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)	-	-	-
Non-target plants		-	-	-
		-	-	-
Honeybees (Apis spp.)	Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	197	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	Low
	Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Chronic	-	-	-
Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)	Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
		-
	Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
		-
Mason bees (Osmia spp.)	Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
Other bee species (1)	Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Mode of exposure	-
Other bee species (2)	Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Mode of exposure	-
Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)		-	-	-
Beneficial insects (Lacewings)		Moderately harmful	AA2 AA = IOBC Database on classification of side effects to beneficial organisms, 2005 2 = Unverified data of unknown source Chrysoperla carnea	-
Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps)		-	-	-
Beneficial insects (Predatory mites)		-	-	-
Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)		-	-	-

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		> 0.17	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Oncorhynchus mykiss	Moderate
Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		> 7.8	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Daphnia magna	Moderate
Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)		0.612	P3 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators 3 = Unverified data of known source Daphnia magna	Moderate
Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		1.8	F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 4 = Verified data Chironomus riparius 48hr EC₅₀	Moderate
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)		-	-	-
Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)		0.005	F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 4 = Verified data Lemna gibba	High
Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)		0.015	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Raphidocelis subcapitata	Moderate
Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)		0.01	Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source Unknown species	Moderate
Mesocosm study data	NOEAEC mg l⁻¹	-	-	-
	NOEAEC mg l⁻¹	-	-	-

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)		High (class III)	-	-
Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)		> 1500	F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 3 = Unverified data of known source Rat	Moderate
Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)		200000	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Rabbit	-
Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		1.2	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Rat	-
Other Mammal toxicity endpoints		-	-	-
ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)		-	-	-
ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)		-	-	-
AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)		-	-	-
AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)		-	-	-
Dermal penetration studies (%)		-	-	-
Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464		-	-	-
Exposure Routes	Public	-
	Occupational	-
MRLs	European	EU MRL pesticide database
	Great Britain	GB MRL Register
	Notes	-
Drinking Water Standards		-	-	-
Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Mammalian dose elimination route and rate		-	-	-

Health issues

Specific human health issues		Carcinogen Genotoxic Endocrine disruptor ?Possibly, status not identified A0 A = Chromosome aberration (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; B0 B = DNA damage/repair (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; C0 C = Gene mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; D0 D = Genome mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; E0 E = Unspecified genotoxicity type (miscellaneous data source) 0 = No data No data found Reproduction / development effects Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor Neurotoxicant ✓Yes, known to cause a problem XNo, known not to cause a problem ?Possibly, status not identified Respiratory tract irritant Skin irritant Skin sensitiser ?Possibly, status not identified ✓Yes, known to cause a problem ✓Yes, known to cause a problem Eye irritant Phototoxicant   ✓Yes, known to cause a problem No data found
General human health issues		US EPA - probable human carcinogen

Handling issues

Property	Value and interpretation
General	IMDG Transport Hazard Class 9
CLP classification 2013	Health: H302, H317, H319 Environment: H400, H410
WHO Classification	II (Moderately hazardous)
UN Number	UN3077
Waste disposal & packaging	Packaging Group III (minor danger)
Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity	-

TRANSLATIONS

Language	Name
English	propachlor
French	propachlore
German	Propachlor
Danish	propachlor
Italian	propaclor
Spanish	propacloro
Greek	propachlor
Polish	propachlor
Swedish	-
Hungarian	propaklor
Dutch	propachloor
Norwegian	-

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Record last updated:	13/10/2023
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242