Triazoxide (Ref: SAS 9244)

Triazoxide (Ref: SAS 9244)	Last updated: 17/03/2024
(Not known by any other names)

SUMMARY

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate High alert: Persistent	Ecotoxicity High alert: Birds acute ecotoxicity: High; Fish acute ecotoxicity: High	Human health High alert: Mammals acute toxicity: High; Mammals chronic toxicity: High

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A highly selective fungicide used as a seed treatment for control of barley seed-borne diseases

Example pests controlled

Barley stripe (Pyrenophora graminea); Net blotch (Pyrenophora teres)

Example applications

Barley

Efficacy & activity

Availability status

Introduction & key dates

1990, introduced

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status

Approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

30/09/2024

UK LERAP status

No data

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Not approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Germany/Slovakia

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Expired

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Not applicable

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece

ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg

LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Also used in

Chemical structure

Isomerism

None

Chemical formula

C₁₀H₆ClN₅O

Canonical SMILES

C1=CC2=C(C=C1Cl)[N+](=NC(=N2)N3C=CN=C3)[O-]

Isomeric SMILES

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

IQGKIPDJXCAMSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C10H6ClN5O/c11-7-1-2-8-9(5-7)16(17)14-10(13-8)15-4-3-12-6-15/h1-6H

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Fungicide

Substance groups

Imidazole fungicide

Minimum active substance purity

970 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

EU dossier: Toluene 3g kg⁻¹

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Specific, non-systemic

CAS RN

72459-58-6

EC number

276-668-4

CIPAC number

729

US EPA chemical code

PubChem CID

93422

CLP index number

No data found

Molecular mass

247.64

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

7-chloro-3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1-oxide

IUPAC name

7-chloro-3-imidazol-1-yl-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1-oxide

CAS name

7-chloro-3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1-oxide

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

Light yellow-green crystals

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Bayer CropScience

Example products using this active

Formulation and application details

Formulations include flowable concentrates for seed treatment. Usually sold in mixtures with other fungicides.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

Low

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

32000

Dichloromethane

Hexane

6900

Toluene

5300

Acetone

Melting point (°C)

179

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

170

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

1.10 X 10⁰²

Calculated

Log P

2.04

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Insoluble

Data type

Regulatory data based on LogP

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.58

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

No data

Very weak base

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

1.00 X 10^-04

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

7.30 X 10^-07

Non-volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

262nm = 49400, 380nm = 5000

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

71.9

at 20°C 90% soln

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

250

Persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

250

Persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

110

Persistent

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

802

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

EU dossier lab studies DT₅₀ range 208-278 days, field studies DT₅₀ range 70.4-173.3 days (normalised), DT₉₀ range 640-1080 days

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

Note

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Moderately fast

Note

Data for test conditions continuous irradiation equivalent to DT₅₀ of 3.5 solar days in Arizona, USA 33 deg N

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

pH sensitive: stable at pH 4 and pH 7, DT₅₀ 6.9 days at pH 9, all at 20 °C

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

2.9

Fast

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

0.5

Fast

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d

K_oc

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f

13.0

Slightly mobile

K_foc

673

¹/_n

0.772

Notes and range

EU dossier kf range 3.64-38.8 mL g⁻¹, K_foc range 245-1743 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 0.747-0.787, Soils=4

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

2.39

Calculated

Transition state

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

1.41 X 10^-01

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Medium

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Slightly mobile

Calculated

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

10.5

Calculated using the Atkinson method. Assumed 0.5E+06 OH/cm³, 24 hr

Below the level of concern for long-range air transport

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

Low risk

Based on LogP < 3

Low risk

CT₅₀ (days)

No data

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

7-chloro-3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1,2,4-benzotriazine

Major fraction

0.177

7-chloro-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 1-oxide

Major fraction

0.187

triazoxide oxone

Hydrolysis

Known groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Metabolising enzymes

triazoxide desoxyamino

triazoxide metabolite M05

Water (Photolysis); Surface water/sediment

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Rat

High

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

0.25

Rat

High

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

> 2

Rat Reproductive NOAEL

High

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Coturnix japonica

High

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

849.5 mg kg feed⁻¹

Anas platyrhynchos

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

11.7

Coturnix japonica

Moderate

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 500

Eisenia foetida corr

Moderate

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

15.1

Eisenia foetida 56 day

Moderate

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect
Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect

Dose: 0.038 mg kg⁻¹ soil 28 Day

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

500

Folsomia candida

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 200

Apis mellifera

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 225

Apis mellifera

Low

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 5.13

Aphidius rhopalosiphi

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 5.7

Typhlodromus pyri

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.077

Lepomis macrochirus

High

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.077

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

7.2

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.1

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

10.0

Chironomus riparius

Moderate

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

0.039

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Moderate

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

0.01

Unknown species

Moderate

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Rat

High

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

5000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.75

Rat 4 hr

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.0002

Rat SF=300

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.015

Rat SF=100

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.001

Rat SF=100

Dermal penetration studies (%)

2.4/2.0

concentrate/grain dust

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Acceptable risks for bystanders

Occupational

Acceptable risks for operators and other workers for proposed uses

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

0.1

EU Dir 89/778/EC limit; Calc MAC=0.15 µg l⁻¹

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Rapidly eliminated (<24hrs) via bile (64-75 %), urine (26-30 %) and faeces (<10 %)

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

No data found

; ; ; ;

No data found

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

No data found

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

Possible spleen toxicant

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not explosive
Oxidising potential
IMDG Transport Hazard Class 6.1
Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable

CLP classification 2013

Health: H301, H331, H373
Environment: H400, H410

WHO Classification

Not listed (Not listed)

UN Number

UN2811

Waste disposal & packaging

Packaging Group I (great danger)

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

triazoxide

French

triazoxide

German

Triazoxid

Danish

triazoxid

Italian

triazoxide

Spanish

triazóxido

Greek

Polish

triazoksyd

Swedish

Hungarian

Dutch

Norwegian

Record last updated:	17/03/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242