| triforine (Ref: AC 902194) |
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Environmental Fate - Ecotoxicology - Human Health - A to Z Index - Home
GENERAL INFORMATION 
for triforine
Description: A fungicide active against a range of diseases including powdery mildew, scab and rust
Example pests controlled: Powdery mildew; Black rot; Scab; Storage diseases
Example applications: Cereals; Curcubits; Mushrooms; Almonds; Fruit including blueberries, cherries, peaches, apples, grapes, mangoes; hops; Ornamentals including roses;
Efficacy & activity: -
Availability status: Current
Introduction & key dates: 1970
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414):
| Status | Not approved |
| Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur | Not applicable |
| Date inclusion expires | Not applicable |
| EU Candidate for substitution (CfS) | Not applicable |
| Listed in EU database | Yes |
Approved for use (
) or known to be used (
) in the following European countries: 
AT |
BE |
BG |
CY |
CZ |
DE |
DK |
EE |
EL |
ES |
FI |
FR |
HR |
HU |
IE |
IT |
LT |
LU |
LV |
MT |
NL |
PL |
PT |
RO |
SE |
SI |
SK |
UK |
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Also used in: Australia, USA
Chemical structure:
| Isomerism | A chiral molecule. The technical material is an isomeric mixture. |
| Chemical formula | C10H14Cl6N4O2 |
| Canonical SMILES | C1CN(CCN1C(C(Cl)(Cl)Cl)NC=O)C(C(Cl)(Cl)Cl)NC=O |
| Isomeric SMILES | No data |
| International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey) | RROQIUMZODEXOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| International Chemical Identifier (InChI) | InChI=1S/C10H14Cl6N4O2/c11-9(12,13)7(17-5-21)19-1-2-20(4-3-19)8(18-6-22)10(14,15)16/h5-8H,1-4H2,(H,17,21)(H,18,22) |
| 2D structure diagram/image available? | Yes |
General status:
| Pesticide type | Fungicide | |||
| Substance group | Piperazine | |||
| Minimum active substance purity | - | |||
| Known relevant impurities | - | |||
| Substance origin | Synthetic | |||
| Mode of action | Systemic with protectant, eradicant and curative characteristics | |||
| CAS RN | 26644-46-2 | |||
| EC number | 247-872-0 | |||
| CIPAC number | 360 | |||
| US EPA chemical code | 107901 | |||
| PubChem CID | 33565 | |||
| Molecular mass (g mol-1) | 434.96 | |||
| PIN (Preferred Identification Name) | N,N'-[piperazine-1,4-diylbis(2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)]diformamide | |||
| IUPAC name | N,N'-{piperazine-1,4-diylbis[(trichloromethyl)methylene]}diformamide | |||
| CAS name | N,N'-(1,4-piperazinediylbis(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene))bis(formamide) | |||
| Other status information | PAN Bad Actor Chemical | |||
| Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards | - | |||
| Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC) | Not applicable | |||
| Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA) | Not applicable | |||
| Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC) | Not applicable | |||
| Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC) | 3 | |||
| Examples of recorded resistance | - | |||
| Physical state | White to brown crystals | |||
| Related substances & organisms | - | |||
Formulations:
| Property |
Value | |||
| Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically |
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| Example products using this active |
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| UK LERAP status | No UK approval for use as a pesticide under EC Regulation 1107/2009 | |||
| Formulation and application details | Usually formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate, liquid seed treatment or wettable powder. | |||
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
for triforine
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Solubility - In water at 20oC (mg l-1) | 9 | H4 | Low | |
| Solubility - In organic solvents at 20oC (mg l-1) | 11000 | L3 - Acetone | - | |
| 1000 | L3 - Dichloromethane | - | ||
| 10000 | L3 - Methanol | - | ||
| Melting point (oC) | Decomposes on melting | L3 | - | |
| Boiling point (oC) | Decomposes before boiling | L3 | - | |
| Degradation point (oC) | 155 | L3 | - | |
| Flashpoint (oC) | - | - | - | |
| Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20oC | P | 2.51 X 1002 | Calculated | - |
| Log P | 2.4 | K4 | Low | |
| Bulk density (g ml-1)/Specific gravity | 1.55 | L3 | - | |
| Dissociation constant (pKa) at 25oC | 10.6 | L3 | - | |
| Note: Strong base | ||||
| Vapour pressure at 20oC (mPa) | 26 | H4 | Highly volatile | |
| Henry's law constant at 25oC (Pa m3 mol-1) | 1.88 X 10-03 | H4 | Non-volatile | |
GUS leaching potential index  |
1.69 | Calculated | Low leachability | |
| SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l-1) for a 1 kg ha-1 or 1 l ha-1 application rate |
Value | 4.42 X 10-02 | Calculated | - |
| Note | - | |||
| Potential for particle bound transport index |
- | Calculated | Low | |
| Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol-1 cm-1 | - | - | - | |
| Surface tension (mN m-1) | - | - | - | |
Degradation:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
General biodegradability | - |
| Soil degradation (days) (aerobic) | DT50 (typical) | 19 | K4 | Non-persistent |
| DT50 (lab at 20oC) | 19 | K4 | Non-persistent | |
| DT50 (field) | 21 | F3 | Non-persistent | |
| DT90 (lab at 20oC) | - | - | - | |
| DT90 (field) | - | - | - | |
| DT50 modelling endpoint | - | - | - | |
| Note: | - | |||
| Dissipation rate RL50 on plant matrix | Value | - | - | - |
| Note | - | |||
| Dissipation rate RL50 on and in plant matrix | Value | 4.8 | R4 | - |
| Note | Published literature RL50 range 2.5-6.0 days, 2 field crops, various matrices, n=3 | |||
| Aqueous photolysis DT50 (days) at pH 7 | Value | 0.2 | K4 | Fast |
| Note | - | |||
| Aqueous hydrolysis DT50 (days) at 20oC and pH 7 | Value | 2.2 | K4 | Non-persistent |
| Note | - | |||
| Water-sediment DT50 (days) | 22 | Q2 | Fast | |
| Water phase only DT50 (days) | 25 | Q2 | Slow | |
Soil adsorption and mobility:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Linear | Kd | - | H4 | Slightly mobile |
| Koc | 527 | |||
| Notes and range | - | |||
| Freundlich | Kf | - | - | - |
| Kfoc | - | |||
| 1/n | - | |||
| Notes and range | - | |||
| pH sensitivity | - | |||
Other known metabolites:
| Metabolite name and reference | Aliases | Formation medium / Rate | Estimated maximum occurrence fraction | Metabolising enzymes |
| chloralformamide | - | Human (urine) | - | - |
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Bio-concentration factor | BCF (l kg-1) | 1 | P4 | Low potential |
| CT50 (days) | Not available | - | ||
| Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1) | > 16000 | L3 Rat | Low | |
| Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL | (mg kg-1) | - | L2 Rat, 2 year | - |
| (ppm diet) | 200 | - | ||
| Birds - Acute LD50 (mg kg-1) | 5000 | L3 Colinus virginianus | Low | |
| Birds - Short term dietary (LC50/LD50) | - | - | - | |
| Fish - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | 1000 | L3 Salmonidae | Low | |
| Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC50 (mg l-1) | 25 | J4 Daphnia magna | Moderate | |
| Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg-1) | - | - | - | |
| Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC50, biomass (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Non-target plants | - | - | - | |
| - | - | - | ||
| Algae - Acute 72 hour EC50, growth (mg l-1) | 380 | L3 Scenedemus subspicatus | Low | |
| Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Honeybees (Apis spp.) | Contact acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee-1) | - | - | - |
| Oral acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee-1) | 10 | K4 | Moderate | |
| Unknown mode acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee-1) | - | - | - | |
| Bumblebees (Bombus spp.) | Contact acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee-1) | - | - | - |
| - | ||||
| Oral acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee-1) | - | - | - | |
| - | ||||
| Mason bees (Osmia spp.) | Contact acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee-1) | - | - | - |
| Oral acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee-1) | - | - | - | |
| Other pollinators (1) | Acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect-1) | - | - | - |
| Mode of exposure | - | |||
| Other pollinators (2) | Acute LD50 (worst case from 24 , 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect-1) | - | - | - |
| Mode of exposure | - | |||
| Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC50 (mg kg-1) | 1000 | L3 | Moderate | |
| Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg-1) | - | - | - | |
| Other soil macro-organisms | Acute LC50 (mg kg-1) | - | - | - | Chronic NOEC (mg kg-1) | - | - | - |
| Other arthropod (1) | LR50 g ha-1 | - | - | - |
| % Effect | Harmless | Dose: 600 g ha-1 AA3 Typhlodromus pyri |
- | |
| Other arthropod (2) | LR50 g ha-1 | - | - | - |
| % Effect | Harmless | Dose: 600 g ha-1 AA3 Chrysoperla carnea |
- | |
| Soil micro-organisms | - | - | - | |
| Mesocosm study data | NOEAEC mg l-1 | - | - | - |
| NOEAEC mg l-1 | - | - | - | |
HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION
for triforine
General:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class) |
High (class III) | - | - | |
| Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1) | > 16000 | L3 Rat | Low | |
| Mammals - Dermal LD50 (mg kg-1 body weight) | > 10000 | L3 Rat | - | |
| Mammals - Inhalation LC50 (mg l-1) | 4.5 | L3 Rat, 1 hr | - | |
| Other Mammal toxicity endpoints | - | - | ||
| ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg-1bw day-1) | 0.02 | JMPR 1997 | - | |
| ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg-1bw day-1) | - | - | - | |
| AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg-1 bw day-1) | - | - | - | |
| AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg-1bw day-1) | - | - | - | |
| Dermal penetration studies (%) | - | - | - | |
| Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464 | - | - | - | |
| Exposure Routes | Public | - | ||
| Occupational | - | |||
| European MRLs | Click here for the EU MRL pesticide database | |||
| Drinking Water Standards | - | - | - | |
| Drinking Water MAC (μg l-1) | - | - | - | |
Health issues:
| Carcinogen | Genotoxic | Endocrine disrupter | Reproduction / development effects | Cholinesterase inhibitor | Neurotoxicant | |||
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A3; B0; C0; D0; E3 | - |
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| Respiratory tract irritant | Skin irritant | Skin sensitiser | Eye irritant | Phototoxicant | ||||
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| General human health issues | Liver toxicant USEPA - some evidence to suggest possible human carcinogen |
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| Key: Genotoxicity A: Chromosome aberration (EFSA database) B: DNA damage/repair (EFSA database) C: Gene mutation (EFSA database) D: Genome mutation (EFSA database) E: Unspecified genotoxicity type (miscellaneous data source) 0: No data 1: Positive 2: Mixed/ambiguous results 3: Negative |
Key: Other : Yes, known to cause a problem  : No, known not to cause a problem  : Possibly, status not identified - : No data found |
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Handling issues:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| General |
No information available | |||
| CLP classification 2013 | Health: H302, H332 | |||
| EC Risk Classification |
N - Dangerous for the environment: R52/53 | |||
| EC Safety Classification |
S61 | |||
| WHO Classification | U | - | Unlikely to present an acute hazard | |
| UN Number | - | |||
| Waste disposal & packaging |
- | |||
| Language | Name |
| English | triforine |
| French | triforine |
| German | Triforin |
| Danish | triforine |
| Italian | triforine |
| Spanish | triforine |
| Greek | - |
| Slovenian | triforin |
| Polish | triforina |
| Swedish | - |
| Hungarian | triforin |
| Dutch | - |
Record last updated: Saturday 29 June 2019
Contact: aeru@herts.ac.uk