Bromacil (Ref: DPX N0976)

Bromacil (Ref: DPX N0976)	Last updated: 15/03/2023
(Also known as: borocil; herbicide 976)

SUMMARY

Bromacil is a soil acting uracil herbicide which is is used to control both annual and perennial weeds, although some essential uses may be authorised. It is highly solublein water and many organic solvents. It is not considered volatile. It may be persistent in soil and water systems depending on local conditions. Theres is also concerns regarding its potenrial to leach to groundwater. It tends to demonstrate a low to moderate toxicity to most fauna and flora. Iit has a moderate mammalian oral toxicity and no other serious human health concerns have been identified.

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate High alert: GUS: High leachability; Drainflow: Mobile Warning: Significant data are missing	Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Fish acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Fish chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate	Human health Moderate alert: Mammals acute toxicity: Moderate; Possible Carcinogen; Possible Endocrine distrupter

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A soil acting uracil herbicide used to control a wide variety of annual and perennial weeds mainly on non-crop areas and fruit

Example pests controlled

Barnyardgrass; Crabgrass; Henbit; Lambsquarters; Purslane; Annual sedge; Mustard; Bermudagrass; Nutsedge

Example applications

Fruit including citrus, pineapples; Brush; Roads, rights-of-way, railways, pavements

Efficacy & activity

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

1961, USA

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status

Not approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

Expired

UK LERAP status

No UK approval for use

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Not approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Not applicable

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Expired

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Not applicable

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece

ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg

LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia

Additional information

Also used in

Australia, USA

Chemical structure

Isomerism

A chiral molecule existing in the R- and S-forms. This substance is a mixture of both forms.

Chemical formula

C₉H₁₃BrN₂O₂

Canonical SMILES

CCC(C)N1C(=O)C(=C(NC1=O)C)Br

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

CTSLUCNDVMMDHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C9H13BrN2O2/c1-4-5(2)12-8(13)7(10)6(3)11-9(12)14/h5H,4H2,1-3H3,(H,11,14)

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
bromacil	Unstated isomer

General status

Pesticide type

Herbicide

Substance groups

Uracil herbicide

Minimum active substance purity

Known relevant impurities

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Absorbed mainly via root system, non-selective. Inhibits photosynthesis (photosystem II).

CAS RN

314-40-9

EC number

206-245-1

CIPAC number

139

US EPA chemical code

012301

PubChem CID

9411

CLP index number

No data found

Molecular mass

261.12

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

rac-(3R)-5-bromo-3-(butan-2-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

IUPAC name

(RS)-5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil

CAS name

5-bromo-6-methyl-3-(1-methylpropyl)-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

Other status information

Potential groundwater contaminant; Potential marine pollutant; PAN Bad Actor Chemical

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)

Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)

Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

White crystals

Related substances & organisms

bromacil-lithium

bromacil-sodium

bromacil-dimethylammonium

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Nufarm
DuPont
Loveland
Makhteshim-Agan

Example products using this active

Hyvar X bromoacil
Borocil 1V
Cynogan
Borea
Krovar II
Urgan

Formulation and application details

Available in a variety of formulations including wettable powders, water soluble liquids and granules.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

815

High

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

167000

Acetone

134000

Ethanol

32000

Xylene

Melting point (°C)

158.5

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

158

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

7.59 X 10⁰¹

Calculated

Log P

1.88

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Data type

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.59

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

9.27

Very weak acid

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

4.10 X 10^-02

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

1.50 X 10^-05

Non-volatile

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

Moderately persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

Other sources: DT₅₀ 5-6 months in silt loam soil (R3)

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on and in plant matrix

Value

Note

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Stable at pH 5 and pH 7

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Stable at all relevant pHs

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d

Mobile

K_oc

Notes and range

Other sources: log K_oc 1.51 (Q3); General literature: K_oc 2.3 to 289 (CA3)

Freundlich

K_f

2.9

Moderately mobile

K_foc

117

¹/_n

0.917

Notes and range

Data for freshwater sediments K_f range 0.56-6.35 mL.g, K_foc range 26.3-289 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 0.89-0.98, Soils = 9

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

3.44

Calculated

High leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

5.51 X 10^-01

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Medium

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Mobile

Calculated

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

2.8

Whole fish

Low potential

CT₅₀ (days)

Not available

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

5-bromo-6-methyluracil

Aerobic

5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-hydroxymethyluracil

Aerobic

3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil

Aerobic

5-bromo-3-(alpha-hydroxymethylpropyl)-6-methyluracil

Aerobic

Known groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

None

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

1300

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

Rat 2 year

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2250

Colinus virginianus

Low

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Soil micro-organisms

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 100

Low

Chronic

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Harmless at dose 960 g ha⁻¹

Chrysoperla carnea

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps)

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites)

Harmless at dose 960 g ha⁻¹

Typhlodromus pyri

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 36

Lepomis macrochirus

Moderate

Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

> 95.6

Pimephales promelas

Low

Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 119

Daphnia magna

Low

Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 67.0

Americamysis bahia

Moderate

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

0.013

Unknown species

Moderate

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

0.01

Green algae population study

Moderate

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

1300

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

5000

Rabbit

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

5.6

Rat

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.13

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Occupational

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Excreted primarily in the urine

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

No data found

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

May cause inflammation of the stomach and intestinal mucous membranes, gastroenteritis or liver damage

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not expected to autoignite; Not highly flammable

CLP classification 2013

Health: H302, H315, H319, H335
Environment: H400, H410

WHO Classification

U (Unlikely to present an acute hazard)

UN Number

3077

Waste disposal & packaging

Packging Group III (minor danger)

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

bromacil

French

bromacil

German

Bromacil

Danish

bromacil

Italian

bromacile

Spanish

bromacilo

Greek

Polish

bromacyl

Swedish

Hungarian

Dutch

Record last updated:	15/03/2023
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242