Camphechlor (Ref: Hercules 3956)

Camphechlor (Ref: Hercules 3956)	Last updated: 03/01/2021
(Also known as: toxaphene; polychlorocamphene; chlorocamphene; toxafeen; octachlorocamphene)

SUMMARY

Camphechlor is an obsolete insecticide and acaricide that is not approved for use in the EU. It has a low aqueous solubility, is quite volatile and moderately mobile. Based on its chemical properties, it has a high risk of leaching to groundwater. It is not expected to be persistent in soil but may be persistent in water systems. Camphechlor is highly toxic to mammals and is likely to bioaccumulate. It is highly toxic to birds and most aquatic organisms.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

An obsolete insecticide that was often used in conjunction with other active substances to control a wide range on insects on crops and livestock

Example pests controlled

Lygus bugs; Aphids; Spidermites; Ticks; Fleas; Mange mites; Lice; Scab mites; Grasshoppers; Armyworms; Cutworms

Example applications

Cotton; Ornamentals; Pineapples; Corn and small grains; Vegetables; Oilseeds; Livestock

Efficacy & activity

Availability status

Obsolete/Banned

Introduction & key dates

1947, first developed

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status

Not approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

Expired

UK LERAP status

No UK approval for use

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Not approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Not applicable

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Expired

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece

ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg

LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia

Also used in

Chemical structure

Isomerism

A chiral molecule

Chemical formula

C₁₀H₁₀Cl₈

Canonical SMILES

C1C2C(C(C(C1(Cl)Cl)(C2(CCl)C(Cl)Cl)CCl)Cl)Cl

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

YNEKMCSWRMRXIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C10H10Cl8/c11-2-8(7(15)16)4-1-10(17,18)9(8,3-12)6(14)5(4)13/h4-7H,1-3H2

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Insecticide, Acaricide, Veterinary substance

Substance group

Chlorinated hydrocarbon

Minimum active substance purity

Known relevant impurities

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

A non-systemic contact and stomach insecticide. It acts on the neurons, causing an imbalance in sodium and potassium ions, similar to that of the cyclodiene insecticides.

CAS RN

8001-35-2

EC number

232-283-3

CIPAC number

US EPA chemical code

080501

PubChem CID

58167

Molecular mass

413.96

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

IUPAC name

reaction mixture of chlorinated camphenes containing 67–69% chlorine

CAS name

2,2,5-endo,6-exo,8,8,9,10-Octachlorobornane

Other status information

Chemical subject to PIC regulations; OSPAR soc; POP - regulated by Stockholm Convention; Severe Marine Pollutant; Rotterdam Convention (Class O)

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)

Not known

Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

Yellow to amber waxy solid

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Agrones Hepta
Altox
Attac
Toxaphene
Phenacide
Phenatox
Toxakil

Example products using this active

Hercules
BCF

Formulation and application details

Usually formulated as a wettable power, dust or emulsifiable concentrate

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

3.0

Low

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

4500000

Benzene

4500000

Carbon tetrachloride

4500000

Xylene

2800000

Kerosene

Melting point (°C)

Range 65-90

Boiling point (°C)

Degradation point (°C)

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

2.00 X 10⁰³

Calculated

Log P

3.3

High

Bulk density (g ml⁻¹)

1.65

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

0.67

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

6.08 X 10^-01

Moderately volatile

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

365

Very persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₅₀ (field)

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

Literature sources highly variable: DT₅₀ 2 months and 14 years; US sources: 9 days (DW3, US3); Field DT₅₀ 9 to 500 days (R3)

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on plant matrix

Value

3.6

Note

Published literature RL₅₀ range 1.6-5.0 days, 4 field crops, various matrices, n=4

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on and in plant matrix

Value

12.6

Note

Published literature RL₅₀ range 2.3-25.2 days, 4 field crops, various matrices, n=7

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d

Moderately mobile

K_oc

295

Notes and range

Literature range for log K_oc = 2.47-5.00; Other sources: K_oc 100000 mL g⁻¹ (US2)

Freundlich

K_f

K_foc

¹/_n

Notes and range

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

1.46

Calculated

Low leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

1.86 X 10^-02

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Medium

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Moderately mobile

Calculated

Key metabolites

Metabolite

Formation medium

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

1107/2009 relevancy

strobane (Ref: ENT 19442)

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

76000

High potential

CT₅₀ (days)

Not available

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Rat

High

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 15

Anas platyrhynchos

High

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.0044

Lepomis macrochirus

High

Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.00005

Ictalurus punctatus

High

Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.0141

Daphnia magna

High

Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.016

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.0021

Americamysis bahia

High

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.38

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Moderate

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

0.144

Apis mellifera

High

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 19.1

Apis mellifera

Moderate

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other pollinators (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

0.216

Megachile rotundata

High

Mode of exposure

Contact

Other pollinators (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

0.0023

Nomia melanderi

High

Mode of exposure

Contact

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Other soil macro-organisms

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Other arthropod (1)

LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

% Effect

Other arthropod (2)

LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

% Effect

Soil micro-organisms

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Rat

High

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Possible risk via food contamination

Occupational

Absorbed by the intact skin and from the gastrointestinal tract

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

No data found

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

IARC group 2B carcinogen
Ingestion may be fatal
May cause convulsions
Potential kidney toxicant
May cause allergic bronchopneumonia
Endocrine issues - Increase of estrogen-sensitive cells proliferation

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Corrosive
Not compatible with strongly alkaline pesticides

CLP classification 2013

Health: H301, H312, H315, H335, H351
Environment: H400, H410

EC Risk Classification

Carcinogen category 3: R40
T - Toxic: R25
Xn - Harmful: R21
Xi - Irritant: R40
N - Dangerous for the environment: R50, R53

EC Safety Classification

S1/2, S36/37, S45, S61, S60

WHO Classification

O (Obsolete substance)

UN Number

Waste disposal & packaging

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

camphechlor

French

bamphéchlore

German

Camphechlor

Danish

camphechlor, toxaphen

Italian

camfeclor

Spanish

camfeclor

Greek

Polish

kamfechlor

Swedish

Hungarian

Dutch

toxafeen

Record last updated:	03/01/2021
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242