Naphthalene |
![]() Last updated: 04/03/2020 |
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(Also known as: tar camphor; naphthaline; moth balls) |
SUMMARY |
Naphthalene is only used for non-food applications. Slightly toxic if ingested but more serious effects may be seen if inhaled. It is considered a skin and eye irritant. It is also thought to be carcinogenic. Little is known about its environmental fate mainly because its usage patterns would minimise its release. Data suggests that it would be rapidly lost from the soil by evaporation, volatilization, and biodegradation. Non-toxic to birds and earthworms. It is moderately toxic to aquatic species but exposure is unlikely. No data for the risk posed to honeybees has been identified. |
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A largely obsolete insecticide once used as a moth repellant for the protection of textiles and as an animal repellant against nuisance vertebrate pests. It is also a constituent of some inert product additives. | |
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Moths | |
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Non-cropped situations; Wool clothing and textiles | |
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Obsolete | |
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1948, first registered as a pestcide USA |
UK regulatory status |
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Not approved | ||
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Not applicable | ||
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No UK approval for use |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Not approved | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not applicable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not applicable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not applicable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Also used in |
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USA |
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Chemical structure |
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C₁₀H₈ | |
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C1=CC=C2C=CC=CC2=C1 | |
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No data | |
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UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C10H8/c1-2-6-10-8-4-3-7-9(10)5-1/h1-8H | |
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Yes |
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Common Name | Relationship | Link |
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naphthalene | - | ![]() |
General status |
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Repellent, Other substance, Fumigant | |
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Constituent of some solvents | |
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Aromatic hydrocarbon | |
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Synthetic | |
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Repellent action caused by strong odour | |
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91-20-3 | |
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202-049-5 | |
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8222 | |
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055801 | |
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931 | |
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128.17 | |
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naphthalene | |
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naphthalene | |
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naphthalene | |
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Prohibited in Europe since 2008; WFD priority substance | |
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EU Directive 2008/105/EC EQS Inland surface waters: 2.4 µg l⁻¹; other surface waters 1.2 µg l⁻¹ as annual average | |
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Not applicable | |
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Not applicable | |
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Not applicable | |
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Not applicable | |
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- | |
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White crystalline flaky solid |
Formulations |
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Usually supplied as pellets, granules or flakes and applied by hand |
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31.0 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) at 25 °C4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
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285000 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Benzene3 = Unverified data of known source |
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77000 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Methanol3 = Unverified data of known source |
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500000 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Chloroform3 = Unverified data of known source |
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81.2 | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous internet resources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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218 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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88 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources (closed cup)3 = Unverified data of known source |
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1.95 X 1003 | Calculated | - | |||||||
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3.29 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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1.14 | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous internet resources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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6500 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Highly volatile | ||||||||
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2.78 X 1001 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderately volatile | ||||||||
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Degradation |
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80 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderately persistent | |||||||
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Literature data reports DT₅₀'s of around 80 days unless the soil is contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which will facilitate much quicker degradation rates. | ||||||||||
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Stable | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous internet resources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Stable | |||||||
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Stable | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous internet resources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Stable | |||||||
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Stable | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous internet resources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Stable | ||||||||
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Stable | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous internet resources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Stable |
Soil adsorption and mobility |
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- | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Slightly mobile | |||||||
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750 | ||||||||||
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Literature states Koc values range 200-1470 ml/g | ||||||||||
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Fate indices |
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2.14 | Calculated | Transition state | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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9.84 X 10-02 | Calculated | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Medium | Calculated | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Slightly mobile | Calculated | - |
Other known metabolites |
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cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene | - | - | - | - | |||||
1,2-dihydroxy-naphthalene | - | - | - | - | |||||
2-hydroxchromene-2-carboxylate | HCCA | - | - | - | |||||
trans-o-hydroxy-benzylidenpyruvate | tHBPA | - | - | - | |||||
salicyladehyde | - | - | - | - |
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714 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Cyprinodon variegatus (whole body)3 = Unverified data of known source |
Threshold for concern | |||||||
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Not available | - | |||||||||
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> 2200 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low | ||||||||
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> 5620 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Colinus virginianus4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
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> 0.11 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Oncorhynchus mykiss4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 0.67 | P3 P = Other governments and regulators Oncorhynchus kisutch 40 day3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 15.0 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Daphnia magna4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 25.0 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
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> 2730 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Eisenia foetida4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
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General |
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High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
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> 2200 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low | ||||||||
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2500 | V3 V = ChemID online databases / IPCS INCHEM (ChemID; IPCS INCHEM ) Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
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> 0.34 | V3 V = ChemID online databases / IPCS INCHEM (ChemID; IPCS INCHEM ) Rat 1 hr3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Exposure may occur via inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact | ||||||||||
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Health issues |
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Blood toxicant at high doses Liver toxicant May cause hemolytic anemia IARC Group 2B carcinogen |
Handling issues |
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Flammable | |||
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Health: H302, H351 Environment: H400, H410 |
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Carcinogen category 3: R40 Xn - Harmful: R22 N - Dangerous for the environment: R50/53 |
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S2, S36/37, S46, S60, S61 | |||
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O (Obsolete substance) | |||
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naphthalene | ||
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naphtalene | ||
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naftalen | ||
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Record last updated: | 04/03/2020 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |