Naphthalene

Naphthalene	Last updated: 23/02/2021
(Also known as: tar camphor; naphthaline; moth balls)

SUMMARY

Naphthalene is only used for non-food applications. Slightly toxic if ingested but more serious effects may be seen if inhaled. It is considered a skin and eye irritant. It is also thought to be carcinogenic. Little is known about its environmental fate mainly because its usage patterns would minimise its release. Data suggests that it would be rapidly lost from the soil by evaporation, volatilization, and biodegradation. Non-toxic to birds and earthworms. It is moderately toxic to aquatic species but exposure is unlikely. No data for the risk posed to honeybees has been identified.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A largely obsolete insecticide once used as a moth repellant for the protection of textiles and as an animal repellant against nuisance vertebrate pests. It is also a constituent of some inert product additives.

Example pests controlled

Moths

Example applications

Non-cropped situations; Wool clothing and textiles

Efficacy & activity

Availability status

Obsolete

Introduction & key dates

1948, first registered as a pestcide USA

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status

Not approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

Not applicable

UK LERAP status

No UK approval for use

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Not approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Not applicable

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Not applicable

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Not applicable

Listed in EU database

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece

ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg

LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia

Also used in

USA

Chemical structure

Isomerism

Chemical formula

C₁₀H₈

Canonical SMILES

C1=CC=C2C=CC=CC2=C1

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C10H8/c1-2-6-10-8-4-3-7-9(10)5-1/h1-8H

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
naphthalene	-

General status

Pesticide type

Repellent, Other substance, Fumigant

Other constituent type

Constituent of some solvents

Substance group

Aromatic hydrocarbon

Minimum active substance purity

Known relevant impurities

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Repellent action caused by strong odour

CAS RN

91-20-3

EC number

202-049-5

CIPAC number

8222

US EPA chemical code

055801

PubChem CID

931

Molecular mass

128.17

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

naphthalene

IUPAC name

naphthalene

CAS name

naphthalene

Other status information

Prohibited in Europe since 2008; WFD priority substance

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

EU Directive 2008/105/EC EQS Inland surface waters: 2.4 µg l⁻¹; other surface waters 1.2 µg l⁻¹ as annual average

Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

White crystalline flaky solid

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Example products using this active

Reochem Inc., USA

Formulation and application details

Usually supplied as pellets, granules or flakes and applied by hand

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

31.0

at 25 °C

Low

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

285000

Benzene

77000

Methanol

500000

Chloroform

Melting point (°C)

81.2

Boiling point (°C)

218

Degradation point (°C)

Flashpoint (°C)

(closed cup)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

1.95 X 10⁰³

Calculated

Log P

3.29

High

Bulk density (g ml⁻¹)

1.14

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

6500

Highly volatile

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

2.78 X 10⁰¹

Moderately volatile

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

Moderately persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

Literature data reports DT₅₀'s of around 80 days unless the soil is contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which will facilitate much quicker degradation rates.

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on and in plant matrix

Value

Note

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Stable

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Stable

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d

Slightly mobile

K_oc

750

Notes and range

Literature states K_oc values range 200-1470 ml/g

Freundlich

K_f

K_foc

¹/_n

Notes and range

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

2.14

Calculated

Transition state

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

9.84 X 10^-02

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Medium

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Slightly mobile

Calculated

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Metabolising enzymes

cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene

1,2-dihydroxy-naphthalene

2-hydroxchromene-2-carboxylate

HCCA

trans-o-hydroxy-benzylidenpyruvate

tHBPA

salicyladehyde

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

714

Cyprinodon variegatus (whole body)

Threshold for concern

CT₅₀ (days)

Not available

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2200

Rat

Low

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 5620

Colinus virginianus

Low

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.11

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.67

Oncorhynchus kisutch 40 day

Moderate

Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 15.0

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

> 25.0

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Low

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other pollinators (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other pollinators (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2730

Eisenia foetida

Low

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Other soil macro-organisms

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Other arthropod (1)

LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

% Effect

Other arthropod (2)

LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

% Effect

Soil micro-organisms

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2200

Rat

Low

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

2500

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.34

Rat 1 hr

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Occupational

Exposure may occur via inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

No data found

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

No data found

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

No data found

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

Blood toxicant at high doses
Liver toxicant
May cause hemolytic anemia
IARC Group 2B carcinogen

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Flammable

CLP classification 2013

Health: H302, H351
Environment: H400, H410

EC Risk Classification

Carcinogen category 3: R40
Xn - Harmful: R22
N - Dangerous for the environment: R50/53

EC Safety Classification

S2, S36/37, S46, S60, S61

WHO Classification

O (Obsolete substance)

UN Number

Waste disposal & packaging

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

naphthalene

French

naphtalene

German

Danish

Italian

Spanish

Greek

Polish

naftalen

Swedish

Hungarian

Dutch

Record last updated:	23/02/2021
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242