Alachlor (Ref: CP 50144 )	Last updated: 16/12/2020
(Also known as: alachlore; acetanilide; methachlor; metachlor; CDMA)

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SUMMARY

Alachlor is a pre-emergence chloroacetanilide herbicide that is not approved for use in the EU. It is moderately soluble in water, quite volatile and is not expected to readily leach to groundwater. It tends not to persist in either soil or water systems. It has a moderate mammalian toxicity and a low potential for bioaccumulation. Alachlor is moderately toxic to birds, most aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description	A chloroacetanilide herbicide for pre-emergence control of annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds
Example pests controlled	Goosegrass; Crab grass; Herringbone grass; Sweet buffalo grass; Barnyard grass; Nutsedge; Pigweed; Sow thistle; Purslane; Chickweed
Example applications	Maize; Potatoes; Soybean; Sunflowers; Brassicas; Pineapples; Sugarcane
Efficacy & activity	-
Availability status	Current
Introduction & key dates	1969

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status	Not approved
Date COPR inclusion expires	Expired
UK LERAP status	No UK approval for use

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status	Not approved
Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur	Spain
Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires	Expired
EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)	Not applicable
Listed in EU database	Yes
Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States	ATAustria BEBelgium BGBulgaria CYCyprus CZCzech Republic DEGermany DKDenmark EEEstonia ELGreece                   ESSpain FIFinland FRFrance HRCroatia HUHungary IEIreland ITItaly LTLithuania LULuxembourg                   LVLatvia MTMalta NLNetherlands PLPoland PTPortugal RORomania SESweden SISlovenia SKSlovakia

Also used in

Also used in	USA; Japan

Chemical structure

Isomerism	None
Chemical formula	C₁₄H₂₀ClNO₂
Canonical SMILES	CCC1=C(C(=CC=C1)CC)N(COC)C(=O)CCl
Isomeric SMILES	No data
International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)	XCSGPAVHZFQHGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International Chemical Identifier (InChI)	InChI=1S/C14H20ClNO2/c1-4-11-7-6-8-12(5-2)14(11)16(10-18-3)13(17)9-15/h6-8H,4-5,9-10H2,1-3H3
2D structure diagram/image available?	Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
alachlor	-

General status

Pesticide type	Herbicide
Substance group	Chloroacetamide
Minimum active substance purity	-
Known relevant impurities	-
Substance origin	Synthetic
Mode of action	Selective, systemic action absorbed by germinating shoots. Inhibition of VLCFA (inhibition of cell division)
CAS RN	15972-60-8
EC number	240-110-8
CIPAC number	204
US EPA chemical code	090501
PubChem CID	2078
Molecular mass	269.77
PIN (Preferred Identification Name)	2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide
IUPAC name	2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-methoxymethylacetanilide
CAS name	2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide
Other status information	WFD priority substance; OSPAR candidate; Potential groundwater contaminant; Chemical subject to PIC regulations
Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards	EU Directive 2008/105/EC EQS surface waters: annual average 0.3 µg l⁻¹; max measured 0.7 µg l⁻¹
Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)	K3
Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)	15
Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)	Not applicable
Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)	Not applicable
Examples of recorded resistance	-
Physical state	Colourless/yellow crystals

Formulations

Property	Value
Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically	Lasso Alanex Pillarzo
Example products using this active	Monsanto Makhteshim-Agan Pillar International
Formulation and application details	Usually supplied as emulsifiable concentrates, microscopic capsules and granules

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)		240	B5 B = UK CRD and ACP evaluation documents / and other Defra (UK) documents (click here ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes	Moderate
Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Melting point (°C)		41	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	-
Boiling point (°C)		100	V3 V = ChemID online databases / IPCS INCHEM (ChemID; IPCS INCHEM ) 3 = Unverified data of known source	-
Degradation point (°C)		105	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	-
Flashpoint (°C)		137	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source (closed cup)	-
Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C	P	1.23 X 1003	Calculated	-
	Log P	3.09	B5 B = UK CRD and ACP evaluation documents / and other Defra (UK) documents (click here ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes	High
Bulk density (g ml⁻¹)		1.13	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	-
Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C		0.62	Q3 Q = Miscellaneous internet resources 3 = Unverified data of known source	-
		Strong acid
Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)		2.9	B5 B = UK CRD and ACP evaluation documents / and other Defra (UK) documents (click here ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes	Low volatility
Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)		3.20 X 10-03	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	Non-volatile
Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹		-	-	-
Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)		-	-	-

Degradation

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
General biodegradability		-
Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)	DT₅₀ (typical)	14	B5 B = UK CRD and ACP evaluation documents / and other Defra (UK) documents (click here ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes	Non-persistent
	DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)	35	Q2 Q = Miscellaneous internet resources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source	Moderately persistent
	DT₅₀ (field)	14	B4 B = UK CRD and ACP evaluation documents / and other Defra (UK) documents (click here ) 4 = Verified data	Non-persistent
	DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)	-	-	-
	DT₉₀ (field)	-	-	-
	DT₅₀ modelling endpoint	-	-	-
	Note	Field studies DT₅₀ range 1-3 weeks; Other sources: DT₅₀ 80 days (R2)
Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on plant matrix	Value	-	-	-
	Note	-
Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on and in plant matrix	Value	-	-	-
	Note	-
Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7	Value	0.5	K3 K = Research datasets, e.g. Pandora, Demetra 3 = Unverified data of known source	Fast
	Note	Stable to UV light
Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7	Value	0.5	B5 B = UK CRD and ACP evaluation documents / and other Defra (UK) documents (click here ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes	Non-persistent
	Note	-
Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)		2	B4 B = UK CRD and ACP evaluation documents / and other Defra (UK) documents (click here ) 4 = Verified data	Fast
Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)		-	-	-

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Linear	Kd	-	R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 3 = Unverified data of known source	Moderately mobile
	Koc	335
	Notes and range	-
Freundlich	Kf	16.5	R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data	Slightly mobile
	Kfoc	1994
	1/n	0.81
	Notes and range	Literature values: Kf range 11.8-20.5 mL g⁻¹; Kfoc range 339-4214 mL g⁻¹, 1/n range 0.70-0.91, Soils = 5
pH sensitivity		-

Fate indices

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
GUS leaching potential index		0.80	Calculated	Low leachability
SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate	Value	1.31 X 10-02	Calculated	-
	Note	-
Potential for particle bound transport index		Medium	Calculated	-
Potential for loss via drain flow		Moderately mobile	Calculated	-

Key metabolites

Metabolite	Formation medium	Estimated maximum occurrence fraction	1107/2009 relevancy
alachlor ethane sulphonate	Soil	-	-
alachlor oxanilic acid	Soil	-	-

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Bio-concentration factor	BCF (l kg⁻¹)	39	P4 P = Other governments and regulators 4 = Verified data	Low potential
	CT₅₀ (days)	Not available		-
Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)		930	F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 4 = Verified data Rat	Moderate
Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL	(mg kg⁻¹)	10	B5 B = UK CRD and ACP evaluation documents / and other Defra (UK) documents (click here ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes Rat	High
	(ppm diet)	200		-
Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)		-	-	-
Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)		1536	B5 B = UK CRD and ACP evaluation documents / and other Defra (UK) documents (click here ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes Colinus virginianus	Moderate
Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)		-	-	-
Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)		-	-	-
Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		1.8	B5 B = UK CRD and ACP evaluation documents / and other Defra (UK) documents (click here ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes Oncorhynchus mykiss	Moderate
Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)		0.19	P3 P = Other governments and regulators 3 = Unverified data of known source Unknown species	Moderate
Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		10	F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 4 = Verified data Daphnia magna	Moderate
Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)		0.22	P3 P = Other governments and regulators 3 = Unverified data of known source Unknown species	Moderate
Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)		-	-	-
Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)		0.01	F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 3 = Unverified data of known source Lemna minor	Moderate
Non-target plants		-	-	-
		-	-	-
Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)		0.966	F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 4 = Verified data Scenedesmus quadricauda	Moderate
Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)		0.02	J3 J = Pesticide Action Network database (click here ) 3 = Unverified data of known source Chlorella pyrenoidosa	Moderate
Honeybees (Apis spp.)	Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	16	K4 K = Research datasets, e.g. Pandora, Demetra 4 = Verified data	Moderate
	Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)	Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
		-
	Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
		-
Mason bees (Osmia spp.)	Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
Other pollinators (1)	Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Mode of exposure	-
Other pollinators (2)	Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Mode of exposure	-
Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)		386.8	B5 B = UK CRD and ACP evaluation documents / and other Defra (UK) documents (click here ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes	Moderate
Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)		-	-	-
Other soil macro-organisms	Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)	-	-	-
Other arthropod (1)	LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹	-	-	-
	% Effect	-	-	-
Other arthropod (2)	LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹	-	-	-
	% Effect	-	-	-
Soil micro-organisms		-	-	-
Mesocosm study data	NOEAEC mg l⁻¹	-	-	-
	NOEAEC mg l⁻¹	-	-	-

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)		High (class III)	-	-
Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)		930	F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 4 = Verified data Rat	Moderate
Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)		13300	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Rabbit	-
Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		1.04	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Rat	-
Other Mammal toxicity endpoints		-	-	-
ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)		0.01	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	-
ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)		-	-	-
AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)		-	-	-
AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)		-	-	-
Dermal penetration studies (%)		-	-	-
Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464		-	-	-
Exposure Routes	Public	Low risk to Europeans as no longer approved for use
	Occupational	Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation and dermal contact
MRLs	European	EU MRL pesticide database
	Notes	-
Drinking Water Standards		Non-statutory WHO drinking water guideline 0.02 mg l⁻¹	B5 B = UK CRD and ACP evaluation documents / and other Defra (UK) documents (click here ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes UK EA QS database 2018	-
Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)		-	-	-

Health issues

Specific human health issues		Carcinogen Genotoxic Endocrine disruptor ?Possibly, status not identified A3 A = Chromosome aberration (EFSA database) 3 = Negative ; B0 B = DNA damage/repair (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; C0 C = Gene mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; D0 D = Genome mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; E3 E = Unspecified genotoxicity type (miscellaneous data source) 3 = Negative ?Possibly, status not identified Reproduction / development effects Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor Neurotoxicant ?Possibly, status not identified XNo, known not to cause a problem XNo, known not to cause a problem Respiratory tract irritant Skin irritant Skin sensitiser XNo, known not to cause a problem ?Possibly, status not identified ?Possibly, status not identified Eye irritant Phototoxicant   ✓Yes, known to cause a problem No data found
General human health issues		Probable lung and kidney toxicant Causes irreversible eye damage Possibly genotoxic Endocrine issues - Competitive binding to estrogen and progesterone receptors

Handling issues

Property	Value and interpretation
General	Corrosive
CLP classification 2013	Health: H302, H317, H351 Environment: H400, H410
EC Risk Classification	Carcinogen category 3: R40 Xn - Harmful: R22, R43 N - Dangerous for the environment: R50, R53
EC Safety Classification	S2, S36/37, S46, S61, S60
WHO Classification	II (Moderately hazardous)
UN Number	2588
Waste disposal & packaging	-

TRANSLATIONS

Language	Name
English	alachlor
French	alachlore
German	Alachlor
Danish	alachlor
Italian	alaclor
Spanish	alacloro
Greek	-
Polish	alachlor
Swedish	-
Hungarian	alachlor
Dutch	alachloor

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Record last updated:	16/12/2020
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242