| niclosamide (Ref: ENT 25823 ) |
 |
Environmental Fate - Ecotoxicology - Human Health
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Further data may be found in the VSDB
GENERAL INFORMATION 
for niclosamide
Description: A relatively selective substance used to control aquatic pests and as an antiparasitic control agent for humans and animals
Example pests controlled: Aquatic snails; Sea lamprey
Example applications: Aquatic situations
Efficacy & activity: -
Availability status: Unknown
Introduction & key dates: -
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414):
| Status | Not approved |
| Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur | Not applicable |
| Date inclusion expires | Not applicable |
| EU Candidate for substitution (CfS) | Not applicable |
| Listed in EU database | No |
Approved for use (
) or known to be used (
) in the following European countries: 
AT |
BE |
BG |
CY |
CZ |
DE |
DK |
EE |
EL |
ES |
FI |
FR |
HR |
HU |
IE |
IT |
LT |
LU |
LV |
MT |
NL |
PL |
PT |
RO |
SE |
SI |
SK |
UK |
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Chemical structure:
| Isomerism | - |
| Chemical formula | C13H8Cl2N2O4 |
| Canonical SMILES | C1=CC(=C(C=C1[N+](=O)[O-])Cl)NC(=O)C2=C(C=CC(=C2)Cl)O |
| Isomeric SMILES | No data |
| International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey) | RJMUSRYZPJIFPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| International Chemical Identifier (InChI) | InChI=1S/C13H8Cl2N2O4/c14-7-1-4-12(18)9(5-7)13(19)16-11-3-2-8(17(20)21)6-10(11)15/h1-6,18H,(H,16,19) |
| Structure diagram/image available? | Yes |
General status:
| Pesticide type | Fungicide, Molluscide, Nematicide, Veterinary substance, Teniacide | |||
| Substance group | Chloronitrophenol | |||
| Minimum active substance purity | >96% | |||
| Known relevant impurities | - | |||
| Substance origin | Synthetic | |||
| Mode of action | Respiratory & stomach action. Acts by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in the tapeworm | |||
| CAS RN | 50-65-7 | |||
| EC number | 200-056-8 | |||
| CIPAC number | 599 | |||
| US EPA chemical code | - | |||
| PubChem CID | 4477 | |||
| Molecular mass (g mol-1) | 327.12 | |||
| PIN (Preferred Identification Name) | 5-chloro-N-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide | |||
| IUPAC name | 2'5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide | |||
| CAS name | 5-chloro-N-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide | |||
| Other status information | - | |||
| Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards | - | |||
| Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC) | Not applicable | |||
| Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA) | Not applicable | |||
| Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC) | Not applicable | |||
| Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC) | Not applicable | |||
| Examples of recorded resistance | - | |||
| Physical state | Yellow-grey coloured crystalline solid | |||
| Related substances & organisms | - | |||
Formulations:
| Property |
Value | |||
| Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically |
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| Example products using this active |
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| UK LERAP status | No UK approval for use as a pesticide under EC Regulation 1107/2009 | |||
| Formulation and application details | Available in a variety of formulations for oral administration as a veterinary treatment and as an emulsifiable concentrate for aquatic use. | |||
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
for niclosamide
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Solubility - In water at 20oC (mg l-1) | 5.0 | F4 | Low | |
| Solubility - In organic solvents at 20oC (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Melting point (oC) | 224 | F4 | - | |
| Boiling point (oC) | - | - | - | |
| Degradation point (oC) | 208 | L3 | - | |
| Flashpoint (oC) | - | - | - | |
| Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20oC | P | 3.63 X 1004 | Calculated | - |
| Log P | 4.56 | F4 - Other data: 1.0 @ pH 9.6 | High | |
| Bulk density (g ml-1)/Specific gravity | - | - | - | |
| Dissociation constant (pKa) at 25oC | 5.6 | F4 | - | |
| Note: | ||||
| Vapour pressure at 20oC (mPa) | 8.0 X 10-08 | L3 | Low volatility | |
| Henry's law constant at 25oC (Pa m3 mol-1) | - | - | - | |
GUS leaching potential index  |
- | - | - | |
| SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l-1) for a 1 kg ha-1 or 1 l ha-1 application rate |
Value | - | - | - |
| Note | - | |||
| Potential for particle bound transport index |
- | - | - | |
| Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol-1 cm-1 | - | - | - | |
| Surface tension (mN m-1) | - | - | - | |
Degradation:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
General biodegradability | - |
| Soil degradation (days) (aerobic) | DT50 (typical) | - | - | - |
| DT50 (lab at 20oC) | - | - | - | |
| DT50 (field) | - | - | - | |
| DT90 (lab at 20oC) | - | - | - | |
| DT90 (field) | - | - | - | |
| DT50 modelling endpoint | - | - | - | |
| Note: | - | |||
| Dissipation rate RL50 on plant matrix | Value | - | - | - |
| Note | - | |||
| Dissipation rate RL50 on and in plant matrix | Value | 2.6 | R4 | - |
| Note | Pakchoi leaves, n=1 | |||
| Aqueous photolysis DT50 (days) at pH 7 | Value | - | - | - |
| Note | - | |||
| Aqueous hydrolysis DT50 (days) at 20oC and pH 7 | Value | - | - | - |
| Note | - | |||
| Water-sediment DT50 (days) | - | - | - | |
| Water phase only DT50 (days) | - | - | - | |
Soil adsorption and mobility:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Linear | Kd | 106 | R4 | Slightly mobile |
| Koc | 3112 | |||
| Notes and range | Literature values for sediments: Kd range 52.2-186.5 mL/g, Koc range 1742-4980 mL/g, soils=5 | |||
| Freundlich | Kf | - | - | - |
| Kfoc | - | |||
| 1/n | - | |||
| Notes and range | - | |||
| pH sensitivity | Yes | |||
Other known metabolites:
| Metabolite name and reference | Aliases | Formation medium / Rate | Estimated maximum occurrence fraction | Metabolising enzymes |
| 2,5-dichloro-4-aminosalicylanilide | - | Rat (Urinary) | - | - |
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Bio-concentration factor | BCF (l kg-1) | 250 | E3 | Threshold for concern |
| CT50 (days) | Not available | - | ||
| Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1) | > 5000 | F4 Rat | Low | |
| Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL | (mg kg-1) | - | - | - |
| (ppm diet) | - | - | ||
| Birds - Acute LD50 (mg kg-1) | > 2000 | F4 Anas platyrhynchos | Low | |
| Birds - Short term dietary (LC50/LD50) | - | - | - | |
| Fish - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | 0.34 | F4 Oncorhynchus mykiss, @ 13 DegC | Moderate | |
| Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC50 (mg l-1) | 0.2 | L3 Daphnia magna | Moderate | |
| Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | 1.6 | F3 Chironomus riparius, 48 hour | Moderate | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg-1) | - | - | - | |
| Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC50, biomass (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Non-target plants | - | - | - | |
| - | - | - | ||
| Algae - Acute 72 hour EC50, growth (mg l-1) | 5.0 | L3 Scendesmus subspicatus | Moderate | |
| Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Honeybees | Contact acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1) | - | - | - |
| Oral acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1) | - | - | - | |
| Unknown mode acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1) | - | - | - | |
| Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC50 (mg kg-1) | - | - | - | |
| Earthworms - Chronic 14 day NOEC, reproduction (mg kg-1) | - | - | - | |
| Other soil macro-organisms - e.g. Collembola | LR50 / EC50 / NOEC / % Effect | - | - | - |
| Other arthropod (1) | LR50 g ha-1 | - | - | - |
| % Effect | - | - | - | |
| Other arthropod (2) | LR50 g ha-1 | - | - | - |
| % Effect | - | - | - | |
| Soil micro-organisms | - | - | - | |
| Mesocosm study data | NOEAEC mg l-1 | - | - | - |
| NOEAEC mg l-1 | - | - | - | |
HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION
for niclosamide
General:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class) |
High (class III) | - | - | |
| Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1) | > 5000 | F4 Rat | Low | |
| Mammals - Dermal LD50 (mg kg-1 body weight) | 2000 | F4 Rat | - | |
| Mammals - Inhalation LC50 (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Other Mammal toxicity endpoints | Intraperitoneal LD50 = 250 mg kg-1 | V3 Rat | - | |
| Intravenous LD50 = 7.5 mg kg-1 | V3 Mouse | - | ||
| ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg-1bw day-1) | - | - | - | |
| ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg-1bw day-1) | - | - | - | |
| AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg-1 bw day-1) | - | - | - | |
| AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg-1bw day-1) | - | - | - | |
| Dermal penetration studies (%) | - | - | - | |
| Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464 | - | - | - | |
| Exposure Limits | - | - | - | |
| Exposure Routes | Public | - | ||
| Occupational | May be absorbed through the skin or mucous membranes | |||
| European MRLs | Click here for the EU MRL pesticide database | |||
| Drinking Water Standards | - | - | - | |
| Drinking Water MAC (μg l-1) | - | - | - | |
Health issues:
| Carcinogen | Mutagen | Endocrine disrupter | Reproduction / development effects | Cholinesterase inhibitor | Neurotoxicant | |||
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| Respiratory tract irritant | Skin irritant | Skin sensitiser | Eye irritant | Phototoxicant | ||||
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| General human health issues | May cause gastrointestinal problems, anorexia, irritability & alopecia Salts may cause occular irritation Harmful if swallowed |
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: Yes, known to cause a problem
: No, known not to cause a problem
: Possibly, status not identified
- : No data found
Handling issues:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| General |
Avoid formation of dust IMDG Transport Code is usually 9 |
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| CLP classification 2013 | - | |||
| EC Risk Classification |
Xn - Harmful: R22 | |||
| EC Safety Classification |
- | |||
| WHO Classification | U | - | Unlikely to present an acute hazard | |
| US EPA Classification (formulation) | II | - | Warning - Moderately toxic | |
| UN Number | 3077 | |||
| Waste disposal & packaging |
Packaging Group III (minor danger) | |||
| Language | Name |
| English | niclosamide |
| French | niclosamide |
| German | clonitralid |
| Danish | - |
| Italian | - |
| Spanish | niclosamida |
| Greek | - |
| Slovenian | - |
| Polish | - |
| Swedish | - |
| Hungarian | - |
| Dutch | - |
Record last updated: Saturday 26 May 2018
Contact: aeru@herts.ac.uk