Laminarin (Ref: H11)

Laminarin (Ref: H11)	Last updated: 26/08/2025
(Also known as: laminaran; laminarine; beta-D-glucose)

SUMMARY

Hazard alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement. These hazard alerts do not take account of usage patterns or exposure, thus do not represent risk.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
	Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Birds acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Fish acute ecotoxicity: Moderate	Human health Low alert

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A natural compound, sourced from algae, that can be used to improve seed germination and protect against foliar fungal infections

Example pests controlled

Molds and rots caused by Botrytis spp.; Phytophthora spp.; Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas syringae; Growth, Stress

Example applications

Cereals; Lettuce; Vegetables; Tomatoes; Courgette; Pumpkin; Cucumber; Curcubits; Fruit including strawberries, apples, pears, grape, kiwi

Efficacy & activity

Shown to be efficatious via field trials in Belgium during 2008.

GB regulatory status

GB COPR regulatory status

Approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

28/02/2033

GB LERAP status

None

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Netherlands/France

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

28/02/2033

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece
	✓					✓		✓
ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg
✓		✓				✓
LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia
		✓	✓	✓

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Also used in

USA; Morocco

Chemical structure

Isomerism

Laminarin does not exhibit classical isomerism like small organic molecules; instead, its structural variation arises from differences in glycosidic linkages and branching patterns.

Chemical formula

C₁₈H₃₂O₁₆

Canonical SMILES

C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)O)O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O

Isomeric SMILES

C([C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(O1)O)O)OC2[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)OC3[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

DBTMGCOVALSLOR-VPNXCSTESA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C18H32O16/c19-1-4-7(22)10(25)11(26)17(31-4)34-15-9(24)6(3-21)32-18(13(15)28)33-14-8(23)5(2-20)30-16(29)12(14)27/h4-29H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6-,7-,8-,9-,10+,11-,12-,13-,14+,15+,16?,17?,18?/m1/s1

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Fungicide; Other substance

Other bioactivity & uses

Bactericide; Biostimulant - growth enhancement

Substance groups

Plant-derived substance; Marine algae-based biostimulant

Taxonomic classification

Minimum active substance purity

860 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

EU dossier - None declared

Substance origin

Natural

Mode of action

Foliar absorbed and acts by stimulating the plants natural defense system. Systemic Activated Resistance (SAR)

CAS RN

9008-22-4

EC number

232-712-4

CIPAC number

671

US EPA chemical code

123200

PubChem CID

439306

Molecular mass

504.4

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

IUPAC name

(3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[(3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,5-triol

CAS name

laminaran

Forever chemical

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

P04

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

Off-white coloured crystalline solid

Commercial

Property

Value

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

1885, first isolated; circa 2010, first use in agriculture

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Goemar

Example products using this active

Vacciplant
Vaxiplant SL
Iodus 40

Formulation and application details

Usually formulated as a wettable powder and used as a foliar spray

Commercial production

Brown algae, such as Laminaria and Saccharina species, are harvested and dried. The dried material is then ground into a fine powder. Laminarin is then extracted from the powder with hot water. This process can be enhanced using acids or bases to break down the cell walls of the algae. The resultant material is filtered to remove solid residues, and the laminarin is purified through precipitation and washing steps. Alternatively, microwave-assisted extraction or enzymatic hydrolysis may be used which tends to improve yield and purity.

Impact on climate of production and use

GHG emission data are not available specifically for laminarin. However, it can be estimated from data for similar products. Algae cultivation/harvest typically emits 0.5–1.5 tonnes CO₂e per tonne of algae (wild harvest is lower; farming higher). The drying and grinding process would typically emit 0.3–0.8 tonnes (depends on energy source), and extraction and purification would add a further 0.5–1.0 tonnes (hot water or enzymatic methods). This gives a rough emissions range of 1.3–3.3 tonnes CO₂e per tonne of laminarin.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

301500

High

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

n-Heptane expressed as glucose

Xylene expressed as glucose

Methanol expressed as glucose

Acetone expressed as glucose

Melting point (°C)

Decomposes before melting

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

200

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

2.51 X 10^-02

Calculated

Log P

-1.6

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Data type

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.5

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Not applicable

No dissociation

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

2.60 X 10^-02

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

3.45 X 10^-07

Non-volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Neutral solution: 260nm= 242-290, 290nm = 121-169

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

72.2

at 20.2 °C 98%

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

130

Persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

Note

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Stable at pH 4 to pH 9 at 50 °C

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Moderately fast

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Slow

Sediment phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

¹/_n

Notes and range

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

Cannot be calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Potential for loss via drain flow

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

Low risk

CT₅₀ (days)

Not available

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

oligosaccharides

monosaccharides

Known groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

oligosaccharides

Surface water

monosaccharides

glucose

Surface water

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

> 1000

Rat

Moderate

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 1700

Colinus virginianus

Moderate

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

> 5000 mg kg feed⁻¹

Colinus virginianus

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Soil micro-organisms

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Vegetative vigour ER₅₀ (g ha⁻¹)

Seedling emergence ER₅₀ (g ha⁻¹)

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 100

Apis mellifera

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 118.64

Apis mellifera

Low

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Notes

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹, Std lab test

> 370

Aphidius rhopalosiphi

Low

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹, Std lab test

> 114.7

Typhlodromus pyri

Low

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 88

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 100

Daphnia magna

Low

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic Plants (free-floating, fonds growth, fresh) - 7 day (mg l⁻¹) (ErC₅₀)

> 100

Lemna gibba

Low

Aquatic plants (rooted, growth rate, fresh) - 14 day (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute (growth rate, fresh; mg l⁻¹) (72 hr ErC₅₀, Static)

> 4.8

Desmodesmus subspicatus

Moderate

Algae - Chronic (growth rate, fresh; mg l⁻¹) (72 hr NOEC, Static)

4.8

Desmodesmus subspicatus

Low

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

Marine bivalves

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

Low (class I)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

5000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 1.02

Rat 4 hr (head-nose only)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

None allocated

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

None allocated

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

None allocated

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

None allocated

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Negligible risk to bystanders

Occupational

No unacceptable risks to operators or other workers identified

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

No adverse health issues identified

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not explosive or oxidising
Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable

CLP classification 2013

WHO Classification

Not listed (Not listed)

UN Number

Waste disposal & packaging

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

laminarin

French

laminarine

German

Laminarin

Danish

laminarin

Italian

laminarin

Spanish

laminarin

Greek

Polish

laminaryna

Swedish

Hungarian

Dutch

Norwegian

Record last updated:	26/08/2025
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242