benomyl (Ref: T 1991) ** benosan ** kribenomy ** D-1991 ** BBC ** BNM ** Translations

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SUMMARY

Benomyl is a foliar fungicide that no longer has EU approval for use. It has a low aqueous solubility, is volatile, is slightly mobile and, based on its chemical properties, is not expected to leach to groundwater. It is generally not persistent in soil systems but may persist in some water systems under certain conditions. Benomyl has a low mammalian toxicity with a low potential for bioaccumulation. It is also reported to have harmful effects on human development/fertility. It is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms and most aquatic organisms

GENERAL INFORMATION
for benomyl

Description: A broad-spectrum foliar fungicide used to control a wide range of Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti in a wide range of crops

Example pests controlled: Fruit spot; Powdery mildew; Scab; Post-harvest decay; Blosson end rot; Blosson blight; Brown rot; Collar rot; Phoma leaf blotch; Black spot; Corm rot; Loose smut; Sclerotina rot

Example applications: Field crops; Nuts; Muschrooms; Ornamentals; Turf; Apples & pears; Peaches; Curcubits; Peppers; Peas; Grapes

Availability status: Current

Introduction & key dates: 1968, Introduced

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414):

Status	Not approved
Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur	Germany
Date inclusion expires	Not applicable

Approved for use () or known to be used () in the following European countries:

AT

BE

BG

CY

CZ

DE

DK

EE

EL

ES

FI

FR

HR

HU

IE

IT

LT

LU

LV

MT

NL

PL

PT

RO

SE

SI

SK

UK

Also used in: USA

General status:

Pesticide type	Fungicide, Miticide
Substance group	Benzimidazole
Minimum active substance purity	-
Known relevant impurities	-
Substance origin	Synthetic
Mode of action	Systemic with protectant and eradicant activity. Also has ovicidal activity against mites. Inhibition of mitosis and cell division (Beta-tubulin assembly in mitosis)
CAS RN	17804-35-2
EC number	241-775-7
CIPAC number	206
US EPA chemical code	099101
CLP index number	613-049-00-3
Chiral molecule	No
Chemical formula	C14H18N4O3
SMILES	O=C(n1c2ccccc2nc1NC(=O)OC)NCCCC
International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)	RIOXQFHNBCKOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International Chemical Identifier (InChI)	InChI=1S/C14H18N4O3/c1-3-4-9-15-13(19)18-11-8-6-5-7-10(11)16-12(18)17-14(20)21-2/h5-8H,3-4,9H2,1-2H3,(H,15,19)(H,16,17,20)
Structure diagram/image available?	Yes
Molecular mass (g mol-1)	290.32
PIN (Preferred Identification Name)	methyl [1-(butylcarbamoyl)-1H-1,3-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate
IUPAC name	methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate
CAS name	methyl [1-[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate
Other status information	Chemical subject to PIC regulations (some formulations); Marine Pollutant
Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)	Not applicable
Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)	Not applicable
Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)	Not applicable
Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)	1
Examples of recorded resistance	-
Physical state	Tan coloured crystals
Related substances & organisms	copper oxychloride thiram

Formulations:

Property	Value
Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically	DuPont Dongbu Fine Chemicals Co. Ltd. King Tech
Example products using this active	Benlate Tersan 1991 Benex Benefit Comply Agrocut Benosan
UK LERAP status	No UK approval for use or outside scope
Formulation and application details	Usually supplied as an oil dispersible product or as a wettable powder.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
for benomyl

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Solubility - In water at 20oC (mg l-1)		2	B5	Low
Solubility - In organic solvents at 20oC (mg l-1)		94000	B4 - Chloroform	-
		18000	B4 - Acetone	-
		10000	B4 - Xylene	-
		4000	B4 - Ethanol	-
Melting point (oC)		Decomposes before melting	L3	-
Boiling point (oC)		Decomposes before boiling	V3	-
Degradation point (oC)		140	L3	-
Flashpoint (oC)		Not expected to self ignite; Not highly flammable	V3	-
Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20oC	P	2.51 X 1001	Calculated	-
	Log P	1.4	B5	Low
Bulk density (g ml-1)/Specific gravity		-	-	-
Dissociation constant (pKa) at 25oC		4.48	H4	-
		Note: Weak acid
Vapour pressure at 25oC (mPa)		0.005	G4	Low volatility
Henry's law constant at 25oC (Pa m3 mol-1)		4.00 X 10-04	L3	Non-volatile
Henry's law constant at 20oC (dimensionless)		2.02 X 10-07	Q2	Non-volatile
GUS leaching potential index		-0.07	Calculated	Low leachability
SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l-1) for a 1 kg ha-1 or 1 l ha-1 application rate	Value	9.09 X 10-05	Calculated	-
	Note	-
Potential for particle bound transport index		-	Calculated	High
Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol-1 cm-1		-	-	-
Surface tension (mN m-1)		-	-	-

Degradation:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)	DT50 (typical)	67.0	DW4	Moderately persistent
	DT50 (lab at 20oC)	0.8	H2	Non-persistent
	DT50 (field)	-	-	-
	DT90 (lab at 20oC)	-	-	-
	DT90 (field)	-	-	-
	Note	Other sources: Very variable data DT50 0.1-100 days, more usually 3-12 months
Plant matrix DT50 (days)	Value	4.3	R4	-
	Note	DT50 range 1.6 - 7.2 days, 3 plants/crops, leaf matrices
Aqueous photolysis DT50 (days) at pH 7	Value	Stable	L3	-
	Note	-
Aqueous hydrolysis DT50 (days) at 20oC and pH 7	Value	0.8	L3	Non-persistent
	Note	-
Water-sediment DT50 (days)		-	-	-
Water phase only DT50 (days)		-	-	-

Soil adsorption and mobility:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Linear	Kd	-	L3	Slightly mobile
	Koc	1900
	Notes and range	Best available data
Freundlich	Kf	-	-	-
	Kfoc	-
	1/n	-
	Notes and range	-
pH sensitivity		-

Key metabolites:

Metabolite		Formation medium	Estimated maximum occurrence fraction	91/414 relevancy
carbendazim (Ref: BAS 346F)		Soil		-

Other known metabolites:

Metabolite name and reference	Aliases	Formation medium / Rate	Estimated maximum occurrence fraction	Metabolising enzymes
N,N-dibutylurea Note: Toxic	-	Soil	-	-

ECOTOXICOLOGY
for benomyl

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Bio-concentration factor	BCF (l kg-1)	27	Q2 Whole fish	Low potential
	CT50 (days)	Not available		-
Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1)		> 10000	B5 Rat	Low
Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL	(mg kg-1)	125	B5 Rat	Moderate
	(ppm diet)	2500		-
Birds - Acute LD50 (mg kg-1)		1000	G3 Anas platyrhynchos	Moderate
Birds - Short term dietary (LC50/LD50)		-	-	-
Fish - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1)		0.17	F3 Oncorhynchus mykiss	Moderate
Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1)		0.011	F4 Oncorhynchus mykiss, LOEC	Moderate
Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC50 (mg l-1)		0.28	F3 Daphnia magna	Moderate
Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1)		0.025	F3 Daphnia magna, LOEC	Moderate
Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1)		0.14	F3 Americamysis bahia	Moderate
Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg-1)		-	-	-
Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC50, biomass (mg l-1)		2.2	F3 Lemna gibba	Moderate
Non-target plants		-	-	-
		-	-	-
Algae - Acute 72 hour EC50, growth (mg l-1)		2	F4 Scenedesmus acutus	Moderate
Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Honeybees	Contact acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1)	10	F3	Moderate
	Oral acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1)	-	-	-
	Unknown mode acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1)	-	-	-
Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC50 (mg kg-1)		10.5	L3	Moderate
Earthworms - Chronic 14 day NOEC, reproduction (mg kg-1)		-	-	-
Other soil macro-organisms - e.g. Collembola	LR50 / EC50 / NOEC / % Effect	-	-	-
Other arthropod (1)	LR50 g ha-1	-	-	-
	% Effect	Harmful	AB1 Typhlodromus pyri	-
Other arthropod (2)	LR50 g ha-1	-	-	-
	% Effect	-	-	-
Soil micro-organisms		-	-	-
Mesocosm study data	NOEAEC mg l-1	-	-	-
	NOEAEC mg l-1	-	-	-

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION
for benomyl

General:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)		High (class III)	-	-
Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1)		> 10000	B5 Rat	Low
Mammals - Dermal LD50 (mg kg-1 body weight)		> 5000	L3 Rabbit	-
Mammals - Inhalation LC50 (mg l-1)		2.0	L3 Rat	-
Other Mammal toxicity endpoints		-		-
ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg-1bw day-1)		0.1	JMPR 1995	-
ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg-1bw day-1)		-	-	-
AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg-1bw day-1)		-	-	-
Dermal penetration studies (%)		-	-	-
Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464		-	-	-
Exposure Limits		[LT TWA 8hr: 10 mg/m3], [ST 15 mins: 15 mg/m3]	Occupation Exposure	-
Exposure Routes	Public	-
	Occupational	Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation and dermal contact
European MRLs		Click here for the EU MRL pesticide database
Drinking Water MAC (μg l-1)		-	-	-

Health issues:

Carcinogen	Mutagen	Endocrine disrupter	Reproduction / development effects	Cholinesterase inhibitor	Neurotoxicant
					-
Respiratory tract irritant	Skin irritant	Skin sensitiser	Eye irritant	Phototoxicant
				-
General human health issues		May cause eye defects in new borns - anophthalmia May cause contact dermatitis and may be a skin sensitiser Endocrine issues - Increase of estrogen production and aromatase activity

: Yes, known to cause a problem
: No, known not to cause a problem
: Possibly, status not identified
- : No data found

Handling issues:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
General		No information available
CLP classification 2013		Health: H315, H317, H335, H340, H360FD Environment: H400, H410
EC Risk Classification		Mutagenic category 2: R46 Reproduction risk category 2: R60, R61 Xn - Harmful: R43 Xi - Irritant: R37, R38 N - Dangerous for the environment: R50, R53
EC Safety Classification		S43, S53, S61, S60
WHO Classification		U	-	Unlikely to present an acute hazard
US EPA Classification (formulation)		IV	-	Caution - Not acutely toxic
UN Number		-
Waste disposal & packaging		-

TRANSLATIONS
for benomyl

Language	Name
English	benomyl
French	bénomyl
German	Benomyl
Danish	benomyl
Italian	benomil
Spanish	benomil; benomyl
Greek	benomyl
Slovenian	benomil
Polish	benomyl
Swedish	benomyl
Hungarian	benomil
Dutch	benomyl

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Record last updated: Tuesday 28 February 2017
Contact: aeru@herts.ac.uk