| benomyl (Ref: T 1991) |
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SUMMARY
Benomyl is a foliar fungicide that no longer has EU approval for use. It has a low aqueous solubility, is volatile, is slightly mobile and, based on its chemical properties, is not expected to leach to groundwater. It is generally not persistent in soil systems but may persist in some water systems under certain conditions. Benomyl has a low mammalian toxicity with a low potential for bioaccumulation. It is also reported to have harmful effects on human development/fertility. It is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms and most aquatic organisms GENERAL INFORMATION 
for benomyl
Description: A broad-spectrum foliar fungicide used to control a wide range of Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti in a wide range of crops
Example pests controlled: Fruit spot; Powdery mildew; Scab; Post-harvest decay; Blosson end rot; Blosson blight; Brown rot; Collar rot; Phoma leaf blotch; Black spot; Corm rot; Loose smut; Sclerotina rot
Example applications: Field crops; Nuts; Muschrooms; Ornamentals; Turf; Apples & pears; Peaches; Curcubits; Peppers; Peas; Grapes
Efficacy & activity: -
Availability status: Current
Introduction & key dates: 1968, Introduced
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414):
| Status | Not approved |
| Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur | Germany |
| Date inclusion expires | Not applicable |
| EU Candidate for substitution (CfS) | - |
| Listed in EU database | Yes |
Approved for use (
) or known to be used (
) in the following European countries: 
AT |
BE |
BG |
CY |
CZ |
DE |
DK |
EE |
EL |
ES |
FI |
FR |
HR |
HU |
IE |
IT |
LT |
LU |
LV |
MT |
NL |
PL |
PT |
RO |
SE |
SI |
SK |
UK |
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Also used in: USA
Chemical structure:
| Isomerism | None |
| Chemical formula | C14H18N4O3 |
| Canonical SMILES | CCCCNC(=O)N1C2=CC=CC=C2N=C1NC(=O)OC |
| Isomeric SMILES | No data |
| International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey) | RIOXQFHNBCKOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| International Chemical Identifier (InChI) | InChI=1S/C14H18N4O3/c1-3-4-9-15-13(19)18-11-8-6-5-7-10(11)16-12(18)17-14(20)21-2/h5-8H,3-4,9H2,1-2H3,(H,15,19)(H,16,17,20) |
| 2D structure diagram/image available? | Yes |
General status:
| Pesticide type | Fungicide, Miticide | |
| Substance group | Benzimidazole | |
| Minimum active substance purity | - | |
| Known relevant impurities | - | |
| Substance origin | Synthetic | |
| Mode of action | Systemic with protectant and eradicant activity. Also has ovicidal activity against mites. Inhibition of mitosis and cell division (Beta-tubulin assembly in mitosis) | |
| CAS RN | 17804-35-2 | |
| EC number | 241-775-7 | |
| CIPAC number | 206 | |
| US EPA chemical code | 099101 | |
| PubChem CID | 28780 | |
| CLP index number | 613-049-00-3 | |
| Molecular mass (g mol-1) | 290.32 | |
| PIN (Preferred Identification Name) | methyl [1-(butylcarbamoyl)-1H-1,3-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate | |
| IUPAC name | methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate | |
| CAS name | methyl [1-[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate | |
| Other status information | Chemical subject to PIC regulations (some formulations); Marine Pollutant | |
| Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards | - | |
| Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC) | Not applicable | |
| Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA) | Not applicable | |
| Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC) | Not applicable | |
| Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC) | 1 | |
| Examples of recorded resistance | - | |
| Physical state | Tan coloured crystals | |
| Related substances & organisms | ||
Formulations:
| Property |
Value | |||
| Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically |
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| Example products using this active |
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| UK LERAP status | No UK approval for use as a pesticide under EC Regulation 1107/2009 | |||
| Formulation and application details | Usually supplied as an oil dispersible product or as a wettable powder. | |||
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
for benomyl
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Solubility - In water at 20oC (mg l-1) | 2 | B5 | Low | |
| Solubility - In organic solvents at 20oC (mg l-1) | 94000 | B4 - Chloroform | - | |
| 18000 | B4 - Acetone | - | ||
| 10000 | B4 - Xylene | - | ||
| 4000 | B4 - Ethanol | - | ||
| Melting point (oC) | Decomposes before melting | L3 | - | |
| Boiling point (oC) | Decomposes before boiling | V3 | - | |
| Degradation point (oC) | 140 | L3 | - | |
| Flashpoint (oC) | Not expected to self ignite; Not highly flammable | V3 | - | |
| Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20oC | P | 2.51 X 1001 | Calculated | - |
| Log P | 1.4 | B5 | Low | |
| Bulk density (g ml-1)/Specific gravity | - | - | - | |
| Dissociation constant (pKa) at 25oC | 4.48 | H4 | - | |
| Note: Weak acid | ||||
| Vapour pressure at 20oC (mPa) | 0.005 | G4 | Low volatility | |
| Henry's law constant at 25oC (Pa m3 mol-1) | 4.00 X 10-04 | L3 | Non-volatile | |
GUS leaching potential index  |
-0.07 | Calculated | Low leachability | |
| SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l-1) for a 1 kg ha-1 or 1 l ha-1 application rate |
Value | 9.09 X 10-05 | Calculated | - |
| Note | - | |||
| Potential for particle bound transport index |
- | Calculated | High | |
| Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol-1 cm-1 | - | - | - | |
| Surface tension (mN m-1) | - | - | - | |
Degradation:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
General biodegradability | - |
| Soil degradation (days) (aerobic) | DT50 (typical) | 67.0 | DW4 | Moderately persistent |
| DT50 (lab at 20oC) | 0.8 | H2 | Non-persistent | |
| DT50 (field) | - | - | - | |
| DT90 (lab at 20oC) | - | - | - | |
| DT90 (field) | - | - | - | |
| DT50 modelling endpoint | - | - | - | |
| Note | Other sources: Very variable data DT50 0.1-100 days, more usually 3-12 months | |||
| Dissipation rate RL50 on plant matrix | Value | 6.1 | R3 | - |
| Note | Apple leaves, n=1 | |||
| Dissipation rate RL50 on and in plant matrix | Value | 1.7 | R4 | - |
| Note | Published literature RL50 range 1.6-1.8 days, 3 undercover grown crops, various matrices, n=3 | |||
| Aqueous photolysis DT50 (days) at pH 7 | Value | Stable | L3 | - |
| Note | - | |||
| Aqueous hydrolysis DT50 (days) at 20oC and pH 7 | Value | 0.8 | L3 | Non-persistent |
| Note | - | |||
| Water-sediment DT50 (days) | - | - | - | |
| Water phase only DT50 (days) | - | - | - | |
Soil adsorption and mobility:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Linear | Kd | - | L3 | Slightly mobile |
| Koc | 1900 | |||
| Notes and range | Best available data | |||
| Freundlich | Kf | - | - | - |
| Kfoc | - | |||
| 1/n | - | |||
| Notes and range | - | |||
| pH sensitivity | - | |||
Key metabolites:
| Metabolite | Formation medium | Estimated maximum occurrence fraction | 1107/2009 relevancy |
|
| carbendazim (Ref: BAS 346F) | Soil | - | - | |
Other known metabolites:
| Metabolite name and reference | Aliases | Formation medium / Rate | Estimated maximum occurrence fraction | Metabolising enzymes |
| N,N-dibutylurea Note: Toxic |
- | Soil | - | - |
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Bio-concentration factor | BCF (l kg-1) | 27 | Q2 Whole fish | Low potential |
| CT50 (days) | Not available | - | ||
| Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1) | > 10000 | B5 Rat | Low | |
| Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL | (mg kg-1) | 125 | B5 Rat | Moderate |
| (ppm diet) | 2500 | - | ||
| Birds - Acute LD50 (mg kg-1) | 1000 | G3 Anas platyrhynchos | Moderate | |
| Birds - Short term dietary (LC50/LD50) | - | - | - | |
| Fish - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | 0.17 | F3 Oncorhynchus mykiss | Moderate | |
| Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1) | 0.011 | F4 Oncorhynchus mykiss, LOEC | Moderate | |
| Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC50 (mg l-1) | 0.28 | F3 Daphnia magna | Moderate | |
| Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1) | 0.025 | F3 Daphnia magna, LOEC | Moderate | |
| Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | 0.14 | F3 Americamysis bahia | Moderate | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg-1) | - | - | - | |
| Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC50, biomass (mg l-1) | 2.2 | F3 Lemna gibba | Moderate | |
| Non-target plants | - | - | - | |
| - | - | - | ||
| Algae - Acute 72 hour EC50, growth (mg l-1) | 2 | F4 Scenedesmus acutus | Moderate | |
| Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Honeybees | Contact acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1) | 10 | F3 | Moderate |
| Oral acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1) | - | - | - | |
| Unknown mode acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1) | - | - | - | |
| Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC50 (mg kg-1) | 10.5 | L3 | Moderate | |
| Earthworms - Chronic 14 day NOEC, reproduction (mg kg-1) | - | - | - | |
| Other soil macro-organisms - e.g. Collembola | LR50 / EC50 / NOEC / % Effect | - | - | - |
| Other arthropod (1) | LR50 g ha-1 | - | - | - |
| % Effect | Harmful | AB1 Typhlodromus pyri | - | |
| Other arthropod (2) | LR50 g ha-1 | - | - | - |
| % Effect | - | - | - | |
| Soil micro-organisms | - | - | - | |
| Mesocosm study data | NOEAEC mg l-1 | - | - | - |
| NOEAEC mg l-1 | - | - | - | |
HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION
for benomyl
General:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class) |
High (class III) | - | - | |
| Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1) | > 10000 | B5 Rat | Low | |
| Mammals - Dermal LD50 (mg kg-1 body weight) | > 5000 | L3 Rabbit | - | |
| Mammals - Inhalation LC50 (mg l-1) | 2.0 | L3 Rat | - | |
| Other Mammal toxicity endpoints | - | - | ||
| ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg-1bw day-1) | 0.1 | JMPR 1995 | - | |
| ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg-1bw day-1) | - | - | - | |
| AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg-1 bw day-1) | - | - | - | |
| AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg-1bw day-1) | - | - | - | |
| Dermal penetration studies (%) | - | - | - | |
| Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464 | - | - | - | |
| Exposure Limits | [UK LT TWA 8 hr: 10 mg/m3], [UK ST 15 mins: 15 mg/m3] | Occupation Exposure | - | |
| Exposure Routes | Public | - | ||
| Occupational | Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation and dermal contact | |||
| European MRLs | Click here for the EU MRL pesticide database | |||
| Drinking Water Standards | - | - | - | |
| Drinking Water MAC (μg l-1) | - | - | - | |
Health issues:
| Carcinogen | Mutagen | Endocrine disrupter | Reproduction / development effects | Cholinesterase inhibitor | Neurotoxicant | |||
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| Respiratory tract irritant | Skin irritant | Skin sensitiser | Eye irritant | Phototoxicant | ||||
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| General human health issues | May cause eye defects in new borns - anophthalmia May cause contact dermatitis and may be a skin sensitiser Endocrine issues - Increase of estrogen production and aromatase activity |
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: Yes, known to cause a problem
: No, known not to cause a problem
: Possibly, status not identified
- : No data found
Handling issues:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| General |
No information available | |||
| CLP classification 2013 | Health: H315, H317, H335, H340, H360FD Environment: H400, H410 |
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| EC Risk Classification |
Mutagenic category 2: R46 Reproduction risk category 2: R60, R61 Xn - Harmful: R43 Xi - Irritant: R37, R38 N - Dangerous for the environment: R50, R53 |
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| EC Safety Classification |
S43, S53, S61, S60 | |||
| WHO Classification | U | - | Unlikely to present an acute hazard | |
| US EPA Classification (formulation) | IV | - | Caution - Not acutely toxic | |
| UN Number | - | |||
| Waste disposal & packaging |
- | |||
| Language | Name |
| English | benomyl |
| French | bénomyl |
| German | Benomyl |
| Danish | benomyl |
| Italian | benomil |
| Spanish | benomil; benomyl |
| Greek | benomyl |
| Slovenian | benomil |
| Polish | benomyl |
| Swedish | benomyl |
| Hungarian | benomil |
| Dutch | benomyl |
Record last updated: Wednesday 23 May 2018
Contact: aeru@herts.ac.uk