Beta-cypermethrin (Ref: OMS 3068) |
![]() Last updated: 05/01/2021 |
![]() |
(Also known as: beta-cipermetrin ; cypermethrinbeta) |
SUMMARY |
A pyrethroid insecticide currently within the EU regulatory review process. It has a low aqueous solubility, in relatively volatile and, based on its chemical properties, is not expected to leach to groundwater. It is non-persistent in soil systems. It is highly toxic to mammals and there is some concern regarding its ability to bioconcentrate. It is moderately toxic to birds, earthworms and highly toxic to honey bees and most aquatic species except for algae where there is a reduced risk. |
|
![]() |
|
A broad spectrum insecticide used to control common pests in crops, public health and veterinary situations. | |
---|---|---|
|
Aphids; Cockroaches; Fleas; Ticks; Flies; Mosquitoes | |
|
Oilseed rape; Wheat; Barley; Maize; Livestock; Public health situations | |
|
- | |
|
Current | |
|
1989 |
UK regulatory status |
|
Not approved | ||
---|---|---|---|
|
Expired | ||
|
No UK approval for use |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
|
Not approved | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
United Kingdom | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Expired | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Not applicable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
Also used in |
|
Australia |
---|
Chemical structure |
|
Cypermethrin is a chiral molecule and consists of eight isomers, four cis and four trans. Beta -cypermethirn is a reaction mixture of two enantiomeric forms. | |
---|---|---|
|
C₂₂H₁₉Cl₂NO₃ | |
|
CC1(C(C1C(=O)OC(C#N)C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC3=CC=CC=C3)C=C(Cl)Cl)C | |
|
CC1([C@H]([C@H]1C(=O)O[C@H](C#N)C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC3=CC=CC=C3)C=C(Cl)Cl)C | |
|
GUQZCTLEJXHSIH-RZAVTOELSA-N | |
|
InChI=1S/C22H19Cl2NO3/c1-22(2)17(12-19(23)24)20(22)21(26)28-18(13-25)14-7-6-10-16(11-14)27-15-8-4-3-5-9-15/h3-12,17-18,20H,1-2H3/t17-,18+,20-/m0/s1 | |
|
Yes |
|
![]() |
Common Name | Relationship | Link |
---|---|---|
beta-cypermethrin | - | ![]() |
General status |
|
Insecticide, Veterinary substance | |
---|---|---|
|
Pyrethroid | |
|
>960mg kg⁻¹ | |
|
EU dossier: none declared | |
|
Synthetic | |
|
Non-systemic with contact and stomach action. Sodium channel modulator. | |
|
65731-84-2 | |
|
265-898-0 | |
|
632 | |
|
109702 | |
|
6455379 | |
|
416.3 | |
|
reaction mixture comprising the enantiomeric pair rac-(R)-cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl (1S,3S)-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate in ratio approximately 2:3 with the enantiomeric pair rac-(R)-cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl (1S,3R)-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate | |
|
(R)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1S,3S)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate and (S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R,3R)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate | |
|
cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate | |
|
- | |
|
UK Environment Agency non-statutory standard for the protection of aquatic life in freshwater and saltwater annual average 0.0002 µg l⁻¹, max acceptable conc 0.002 µg l⁻¹ UK statutory standard for water quality: ‘Good’ for fresh, transitional & saltwater: 0.1 ng l⁻¹ as annual mean conc, 0.4 ng l⁻¹ 95th percentile |
|
|
Not applicable | |
|
Not applicable | |
|
3A | |
|
Not applicable | |
|
Musca domestica, Triatoma infestans | |
|
White powder | |
|
Formulations |
|
|
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Usually supplied as an emulsifiable concentrate |
|
![]() |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
0.9 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
|
14000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) n-Heptane5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
45000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Methanol5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
26000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Octanol5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
1000000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Ethyl acetate5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
|
63 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
253 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Decomposes5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
253 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
Not expected to self ignite; Not highly flammable | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
|
6.31 X 1005 | Calculated | - | |||||||
|
5.8 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
|
1.34 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
- | ||||||||
|
n/d | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
No dissociation | |||||||||||
|
0.02 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low volatility | ||||||||
|
9.1 X 10-08 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-volatile | ||||||||
|
Acidic: 204nm=44881, 277nm=714 Neutral: 203nm-61241 Basic: 208nm=39764, 310nm=2756 |
A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - |
Degradation |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
- | ||||||||||
|
|
27.1 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | |||||||
|
27.1 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
EU dossier DT₅₀ lab studies range 15.2-43.4 days days ; DT₉₀ range 257-734 days | ||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
|
4.9 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
- | |||||||
|
Published literature RL₅₀ range 3.7-6.0 days, 2 field crops, various matrices, n=2 | ||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
22.2 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Fast | ||||||||
|
- | - | - |
Soil adsorption and mobility |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
|
1369 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-mobile | |||||||
|
114676 | ||||||||||
|
1.001 | ||||||||||
|
EU dossier Kf range 889-1622 mL g⁻¹, Kfoc range 41167-249607 mL g⁻¹, 1/n range 0.946-1.072, Soils=4 | ||||||||||
|
No |
Fate indices |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
-1.52 | Calculated | Low leachability | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
5.35 X 10-03 | Calculated | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Estimated concentrations of chemicals with Koc values greater than 9995 ml g⁻¹ are beyond the scope of the regression data used in SCI-GROW development. If there are concerns for such chemicals, a higher tier groundwater exposure assessment should be considered, regardless of the concentration returned by SCI-GROW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Medium | Calculated | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Non-mobile | Calculated | - |
Key metabolites |
|
|
|
|
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Soil | 0.171 | Major fraction; Relevant | |||||
|
Soil | 0.271 | Major fraction; Relevant |
Other known metabolites |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3-phenoxybenzaldehyde | - | Aqueous and soil photolysis | - | - | |||||
3-phenoxybenzylactetic acid | - | Aqueous photolysis | - | - | |||||
Phenol | - | Aqueous photolysis | - | - | |||||
Cyperamide | - | Aqueous and soil photolysis; Hydrolysis | - | - | |||||
alpha-carbamoyl-3-phenoxybenzyl-alcohol | - | Soil photolysis | - | - | |||||
2-OH-PBAcid | - | - | - | - | |||||
PBAlcohol | - | - | - | - | |||||
N-(3-phenoxybenzoyl)glycerine | - | - | - | - | |||||
N-(3-phenoxybenzoyl)glutamic acid | - | - | - | - | |||||
3-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid O-sulfate | - | - | - | - | |||||
taurine-PBA | - | Mouse | - | - |
|
![]() |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
846 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Threshold for concern | |||||||
|
2.0 | - | |||||||||
|
93.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
|
|
- | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
- | |||||||
|
> 250 | - | |||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
> 2000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Collinus virginians5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
0.00039 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Oncorhynchus mykiss5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
|
0.00037 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Pimephales promelas 34 day5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
|
0.00042 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
0.0000059 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Mysidopsis bahia5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
0.00006 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Chironomus riparius5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
- | - | - | |||||||||
|
> 0.053 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
0.014 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | |||||||
|
0.05 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
- | |||||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
- | |||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
> 150 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida corr5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
0.243 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida corr5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - |
|
100 | Mortality, [Dose 12.5g ha⁻¹] A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Aphidius rhopalosiphi 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||
|
|
- | - | - |
|
100 | Mortality, [Dose 12.5g ha⁻¹] A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Typhlodromus pyri5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||
|
Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect |
A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes Dose: 0.67mg kg⁻¹ 28days |
- | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - |
|
- | - | - |
|
![]() |
General |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
|
93.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
|
5000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
1.06 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
0.0016 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Dog SF=3005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
0.0016 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Dog SF=3005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
0.0008 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Dog SF=6005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
5-7 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) concentration dependent5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
Risk from vapour exposure risk identified for bystanders in the vicinity | |||||||||
|
PPE/PPC required to reduce exposure risk | ||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - |
Health issues |
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Risk of serious damage to the eye |
Handling issues |
|
|
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
IMDG Transport class 6.1 Not explosive or oxidising |
|||
|
Health: H301, H318, H332, H335 Environment: H410 |
|||
|
T - Toxic: R25 Xn - Harmful: R20, R41 Xi - Irritant: R37 N - Dangerous for the environment: R50, R53 |
|||
|
S22, S26, S39, S60, S61 | |||
|
NL (Not listed) | |||
|
- | |||
|
Packaging Group III (minor danger) |
|
![]() |
|
|
||
---|---|---|---|
|
beta-cypermethrin | ||
|
betacypermethrine | ||
|
beta-Cypermethrin | ||
|
betacypermethrin | ||
|
beta-cipermetrina | ||
|
beta-cipermetrina | ||
|
- | ||
|
beta-cypermetryna | ||
|
- | ||
|
beta-cypermethrin | ||
|
- |
Record last updated: | 05/01/2021 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |