Biphenyl |
![]() Last updated: 02/01/2021 |
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(Also known as: diphenyl; phenylbenzene ; bibenzene ) |
SUMMARY |
Biphenyl is a fungicide not approved for use in the EU. It has a low aqueous solubility and a moderate volatility. Based on its physico-chemical properties it would not be expected to leach to groundwater. It is not persistent in soil systems but could persist in water systems under certain conditions. It has a low toxicity to mammals but may be a neurotoxin and liver toxicant. Biphenyl is also a skin sensitiser and a recognised skin, eye and respiratory irritant. It is moderately toxic to fish, algae and aquatic invertebrates. |
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An aromatic fungicide used mainly on citrus and other crops. Biphenyl is not effective against certain fungal pathogens such as stem-end rots. | |
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Mainly active against Penicillium spp. | |
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Citrus; Grapes; Potatoes; Cucumbers; Tomatoes | |
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Unknown | |
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1944, first described |
UK regulatory status |
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Not approved | ||
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Expired | ||
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No UK approval for use |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Not approved | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Poland | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Expired | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Also used in |
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Chemical structure |
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None | |
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C₁₂H₁₀ | |
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C1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC=CC=C2 | |
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No data | |
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ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C12H10/c1-3-7-11(8-4-1)12-9-5-2-6-10-12/h1-10H | |
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Yes |
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Common Name | Relationship | Link |
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biphenyl | - | ![]() |
General status |
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Fungicide | |
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Aromatic hydrocarbon | |
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Synthetic | |
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Inhibits sporulation, lipid peroxidation | |
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92-52-4 | |
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202-163-5 | |
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None allocated | |
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017002 | |
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7095 | |
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154.21 | |
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1,1'-biphenyl | |
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biphenyl | |
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1,1'-biphenyl | |
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VOC | |
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UK statutory standard for protection of inland, coastal and territorial waters for aquatic life 25 µg l⁻¹ as annual average | |
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Not applicable | |
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Not applicable | |
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Not applicable | |
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Colourless crystals |
Formulations |
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Supplied in a range of formulations including foliar sprays. For citrus biphenyl is often impregnated into paper wraps for individual fruits or for paper packagings to prevent storage rot. |
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6.94 | V3 V = ChemID online databases / IPCS INCHEM (ChemID; IPCS INCHEM ) at 25 °C3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low | ||||||||
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70.5 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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256 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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106 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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9.55 X 1003 | Calculated | - | |||||||
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3.98 | V3 V = ChemID online databases / IPCS INCHEM (ChemID; IPCS INCHEM ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
High | ||||||||
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1.04 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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1238 | Q2 Q = Miscellaneous internet resources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
Highly volatile | ||||||||
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3.12 X 1001 | V3 V = ChemID online databases / IPCS INCHEM (ChemID; IPCS INCHEM ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderately volatile | ||||||||
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Degradation |
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3 | Q2 Q = Miscellaneous internet resources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
Non-persistent | |||||||
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Literature estimates DT₅₀ range 1.5-7 days | ||||||||||
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Stable | P3 P = Other governments and regulators 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Stable | |||||||
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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- | R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Slightly mobile | |||||||
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2085 | ||||||||||
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Koc range 870-3,300 mL g⁻¹ | ||||||||||
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Fate indices |
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0.32 | Calculated | Low leachability | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1.26 X 10-03 | Calculated | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Medium | Calculated | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Slightly mobile | Calculated | - |
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340 | R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Threshold for concern | |||||||
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Not available | - | |||||||||
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2140 | V3 V = ChemID online databases / IPCS INCHEM (ChemID; IPCS INCHEM ) Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low | ||||||||
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> 1.5 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Oncorhynchus mykiss4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 2.38 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Daphnia magna4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.17 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Daphnia magna4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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1.3 | CA3 CA = Medical and toxicological databases and information systems e.g. TOXNET (click here ) Chlamydomonas angulosa3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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General |
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High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
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2140 | V3 V = ChemID online databases / IPCS INCHEM (ChemID; IPCS INCHEM ) Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low | ||||||||
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0.005 | L2 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Rat2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
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0.125 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) JMPR 19673 = Unverified data of known source |
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Health issues |
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Exerts toxic effects on the central nervous system and liver May cause skin sensitization or dermatitis |
Handling issues |
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Prevent generation of dust and vapours | |||
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Health: H315, H319, H335 Environment: H400, H410 |
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Xi - Irritant: R36/37/38 N - Dangerous for the environment: R50, R53 |
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S2, S23, S60, S61 | |||
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III (Slightly hazardous) | |||
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biphenyl | ||
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biphényle | ||
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Biphenyl | ||
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biphenyl | ||
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bifenile | ||
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bifenilo | ||
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biphenyl | ||
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bifenyl | ||
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bifenyl |
Record last updated: | 02/01/2021 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |