Brodifacoum (Ref: WBA 8119)

Brodifacoum (Ref: WBA 8119)	Last updated: 23/08/2024
(Also known as: PP581; BFC; bromfenacoum)

SUMMARY

Brodifacoum is a second generation rodenticide. It has a low aqueous solubility and a low volatility. It is moderately persistent in both soil and aquatic systems with a low risk of leaching to groundwater. Its toxicity to biodiversity is high to moderate. It is highly toxic to mammals via the oral route.

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate High alert: Persistent; Potential for particle bound transport: High	Ecotoxicity High alert: Birds acute ecotoxicity: High; Fish acute ecotoxicity: High	Human health High alert: Mammals acute toxicity: High; Reproduction/development effects

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A coumarin rodenticide used inside buildings

Example pests controlled

Rats; Mice; Gophers

Example applications

House; Commercial properties; Industrial sites

Efficacy & activity

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

1978, introduced

GB regulatory status

GB COPR regulatory status

Not approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

Expired

GB LERAP status

No UK approval for use as a plant protection agent

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Not approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Not applicable

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Expired

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Not applicable

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece
					✓
ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg

LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Also used in

Australia; USA

Chemical structure

Isomerism

Brodifacoum has two chiral centres. Brodifacoum exists as cis- and trans-isomers,where the cis-isomer is an isomeric mixture of (1R,3S) and (1S,3R) and the transisomer is an isomeric mixture of (1R,3R) and (1S,3S).

Chemical formula

C₃₁H₂₃BrO₃

Canonical SMILES

C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C2C1C3=C(C4=CC=CC=C4OC3=O)O)C5=CC=C(C=C5)C6=CC=C(C=C6)Br

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

VEUZZDOCACZPRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C31H23BrO3/c32-24-15-13-20(14-16-24)19-9-11-21(12-10-19)23-17-22-5-1-2-6-25(22)27(18-23)29-30(33)26-7-3-4-8-28(26)35-31(29)34/h1-16,23,27,33H,17-18H2

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Rodenticide

Substance groups

Coumarin rodenticide

Minimum active substance purity

>95%

Known relevant impurities

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

2nd generation anticoagulant. Interferes with the production of vitamin K–dependent coagulation factors

CAS RN

56073-10-0

EC number

259-980-5

CIPAC number

370

US EPA chemical code

112701

PubChem CID

54680676

CLP index number

607-172-00-1

Molecular mass

523.4

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

3-[(1E,3E)-3-(4'-bromo[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

IUPAC name

3-[(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl]-4-hydroxycoumarin

CAS name

3-[3-(4'-bromo[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

Other status information

Severe Marine Pollutant

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

White fine powder

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Sorex
Syngenta
Unichem Slovenia
Ypsilon SA
4 Farmers Australia Pty Ltd

Example products using this active

Ridak
Ratimor
Delicat
Sorexa Checkatube
4Farmers Rat and Mouse Blocks

Formulation and application details

Usually supplied in ready-to-use bait formulations such as granules and pellets or in self-contained control devices

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

0.0038

Low

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

6000

Ethyl acetate

6000

Acetone

6000

Benzene

30000

Chloroform

Melting point (°C)

230

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

1.32 X 10⁰⁶

Calculated

Log P

6.12

High

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Data type

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.42

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Not applicable

Very weak acid

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

0.001

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

2.18 X 10^-03

Non-volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

Moderately persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₅₀ (field)

157

Persistent

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

Best available data

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

Note

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Moderately persistent

Note

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Sediment phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

Non-mobile

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

9155

Notes and range

JRC data: K_oc varies with pH 17.8 mL g⁻¹ at Ph 8.5, 426579 mL g⁻¹ at ph 3.3 and 9155 at pH 7.3. Other data source: K_oc 800 mL g⁻¹ (US3)

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

¹/_n

Notes and range

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

0.08

Calculated

Low leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

5.76 X 10^-03

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

High

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Non-mobile

Calculated

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

6000

High risk

High potential

CT₅₀ (days)

Not available

Known metabolites

None

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

0.3

Rat

High

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

Rat

(ppm diet)

0.02

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 0.31

Anas platyrhynchos

High

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 994

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Soil micro-organisms

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Notes

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps)

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites)

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.051

Oncorhynchus mykiss

High

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.98

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants (free-floating, growth) - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic plants (rooted, growth) - Acute 14 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

Marine bivalves

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

0.3

Rat

High

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

0.3

Rabbit

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.004

Rat

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Low risk due to low concentrations used in baits

Occupational

Demal absorption may occur

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

Highly toxic
Indirect anticoagulant - severe poisonings may lead to massive haemorrhaging

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not explosive or oxidising
Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable
IMDG Transport Hazard Class 6.1

CLP classification 2013

Health: H300, H310, H330, H360d, H372
Environment: H400, H410

WHO Classification

Ia (Extremely hazardous)

UN Number

UN3027

Waste disposal & packaging

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

brodifacoum

French

brodifacoum

German

Brodifacoum

Danish

brodifacoum

Italian

brodifacoum

Spanish

brodifacum

Greek

Polish

brodifakum

Swedish

brodifakum

Hungarian

Dutch

brodifacoum

Norwegian

Record last updated:	23/08/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242