Bromacil (Ref: DPX N0976)	Last updated: 14/01/2023
(Also known as: borocil; herbicide 976)

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SUMMARY

Bromacil is a soil acting uracil herbicide which is is used to control both annual and perennial weeds, although some essential uses may be authorised. It is highly solublein water and many organic solvents. It is not considered volatile. It may be persistent in soil and water systems depending on local conditions. Theres is also concerns regarding its potenrial to leach to groundwater. It tends to demonstrate a low to moderate toxicity to most fauna and flora. Iit has a moderate mammalian oral toxicity and no other serious human health concerns have been identified.

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate High alert: GUS: High leachability; Drainflow: Mobile Warning: Significant data are missing	Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Fish acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Fish chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate	Human health Moderate alert: Mammals acute toxicity: Moderate; Possible Carcinogen; Possible Endocrine distrupter

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description	A soil acting uracil herbicide used to control a wide variety of annual and perennial weeds mainly on non-crop areas and fruit
Example pests controlled	Barnyardgrass; Crabgrass; Henbit; Lambsquarters; Purslane; Annual sedge; Mustard; Bermudagrass; Nutsedge
Example applications	Fruit including citrus, pineapples; Brush; Roads, rights-of-way, railways, pavements
Efficacy & activity	-
Availability status	Current
Introduction & key dates	1961, USA

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status	Not approved
Date COPR inclusion expires	Expired
UK LERAP status	No UK approval for use

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status	Not approved
Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur	Not applicable
Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires	Expired
EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)	Not applicable
Listed in EU database	Yes
Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States	ATAustria BEBelgium BGBulgaria CYCyprus CZCzech Republic DEGermany DKDenmark EEEstonia ELGreece                   ESSpain FIFinland FRFrance HRCroatia HUHungary IEIreland ITItaly LTLithuania LULuxembourg                   LVLatvia MTMalta NLNetherlands PLPoland PTPortugal RORomania SESweden SISlovenia SKSlovakia

Additional information

Also used in	Australia, USA

Chemical structure

Isomerism	A chiral molecule existing in the R- and S-forms. This substance is a mixture of both forms.
Chemical formula	C₉H₁₃BrN₂O₂
Canonical SMILES	CCC(C)N1C(=O)C(=C(NC1=O)C)Br
Isomeric SMILES	No data
International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)	CTSLUCNDVMMDHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International Chemical Identifier (InChI)	InChI=1S/C9H13BrN2O2/c1-4-5(2)12-8(13)7(10)6(3)11-9(12)14/h5H,4H2,1-3H3,(H,11,14)
2D structure diagram/image available?	Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
bromacil	Unstated isomer

General status

Pesticide type	Herbicide
Substance groups	Uracil herbicide
Minimum active substance purity	-
Known relevant impurities	-
Substance origin	Synthetic
Mode of action	Absorbed mainly via root system, non-selective. Inhibits photosynthesis (photosystem II).
CAS RN	314-40-9
EC number	206-245-1
CIPAC number	139
US EPA chemical code	012301
PubChem CID	9411
CLP index number	No data found
Molecular mass	261.12
PIN (Preferred Identification Name)	rac-(3R)-5-bromo-3-(butan-2-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione
IUPAC name	(RS)-5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil
CAS name	5-bromo-6-methyl-3-(1-methylpropyl)-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione
Other status information	Potential groundwater contaminant; Potential marine pollutant; PAN Bad Actor Chemical
Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards	-
Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)	C1
Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)	5
Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)	Not applicable
Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)	Not applicable
Examples of recorded resistance	-
Physical state	White crystals
Related substances & organisms	bromacil-lithium bromacil-sodium bromacil-dimethylammonium

Formulations

Property	Value
Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically	Nufarm DuPont Loveland Makhteshim-Agan
Example products using this active	Hyvar X bromoacil Borocil 1V Cynogan Borea Krovar II Urgan
Formulation and application details	Available in a variety of formulations including wettable powders, water soluble liquids and granules.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)		815	G4 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET (click here ) 4 = Verified data	High
Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)		167000	C4 C = AGRITOX (click here ) 4 = Verified data Acetone	-
		134000	C4 C = AGRITOX (click here ) 4 = Verified data Ethanol	-
		32000	C4 C = AGRITOX (click here ) 4 = Verified data Xylene	-
Melting point (°C)		158.5	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	-
Boiling point (°C)		Decomposes before boiling	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	-
Degradation point (°C)		158	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	-
Flashpoint (°C)		-	-	-
Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C	P	7.59 X 1001	Calculated	-
	Log P	1.88	H4 H = The US ARS pesticide properties database (click here ) 4 = Verified data	Low
Fat solubility of residues	Solubility	-	-	-
	Data type	-	-	-
Density (g ml⁻¹)		1.59	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	-
Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C		9.27	H4 H = The US ARS pesticide properties database (click here ) 4 = Verified data	-
		Very weak acid
Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)		4.10 X 10-02	H4 H = The US ARS pesticide properties database (click here ) 4 = Verified data	Low volatility
Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)		1.50 X 10-05	H4 H = The US ARS pesticide properties database (click here ) 4 = Verified data	Non-volatile
Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹		-	-	-
Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)		-	-	-

Degradation

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
General biodegradability		-
Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)	DT₅₀ (typical)	60	R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data	Moderately persistent
	DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)	-	-	-
	DT₅₀ (field)	-	-	-
	DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)	-	-	-
	DT₉₀ (field)	-	-	-
	DT₅₀ modelling endpoint	-	-	-
	Note	Other sources: DT₅₀ 5-6 months in silt loam soil (R3)
Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on plant matrix	Value	-	-	-
	Note	-
Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on and in plant matrix	Value	-	-	-
	Note	-
Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7	Value	Stable	CA3 CA = Medical and toxicological databases and information systems e.g. TOXNET (click here ) 3 = Unverified data of known source	Stable
	Note	Stable at pH 5 and pH 7
Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7	Value	Stable	R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data	Stable
	Note	Stable at all relevant pHs
Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)		-	-	-
Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)		-	-	-

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Linear	Kd	-	G3 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET (click here ) 3 = Unverified data of known source	Mobile
	Koc	32
	Notes and range	Other sources: log Koc 1.51 (Q3); General literature: Koc 2.3 to 289 (CA3)
Freundlich	Kf	2.9	R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data	Moderately mobile
	Kfoc	117
	1/n	0.917
	Notes and range	Data for freshwater sediments Kf range 0.56-6.35 mL.g, Kfoc range 26.3-289 mL g⁻¹, 1/n range 0.89-0.98, Soils = 9
pH sensitivity		-

Fate indices

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
GUS leaching potential index		3.44	Calculated	High leachability
SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate	Value	5.51 X 10-01	Calculated	-
	Note	-
Potential for particle bound transport index		Medium	Calculated	-
Potential for loss via drain flow		Mobile	Calculated	-
Bio-concentration factor	BCF (l kg⁻¹)	2.8	F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 4 = Verified data Whole fish	Low potential
	CT₅₀ (days)	Not available		-

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite	Major/Minor fraction	Estimated maximum occurrence fraction	Notes
5-bromo-6-methyluracil	-	-	Aerobic
5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-hydroxymethyluracil	-	-	Aerobic
3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil	-	-	Aerobic
5-bromo-3-(alpha-hydroxymethylpropyl)-6-methyluracil	-	-	Aerobic

Known groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

None

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)		1300	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Rat	Moderate
Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL	(mg kg⁻¹)	-	L2 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source Rat 2 year	-
	(ppm diet)	50		-
Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)		-	-	-
Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)		> 2250	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Colinus virginianus	Low
Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)		-	-	-
Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)		-	-	-
Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)		-	-	-
Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)		-	-	-
Soil micro-organisms		-	-	-
Collembola	Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)	-	-	-
Non-target plants		-	-	-
		-	-	-
Honeybees (Apis spp.)	Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	> 100	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	Low
	Chronic	-	-	-
Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)	Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
		-
	Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
		-
Mason bees (Osmia spp.)	Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)	-	-	-
Other bee species (1)	Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Mode of exposure	-
Other bee species (2)	Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)	-	-	-
	Mode of exposure	-
Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)		-	-	-
Beneficial insects (Lacewings)		Harmless at dose 960 g ha⁻¹	AA2 AA = IOBC Database on classification of side effects to beneficial organisms, 2005 2 = Unverified data of unknown source Chrysoperla carnea	-
Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps)		-	-	-
Beneficial insects (Predatory mites)		Harmless at dose 960 g ha⁻¹	AA2 AA = IOBC Database on classification of side effects to beneficial organisms, 2005 2 = Unverified data of unknown source Typhlodromus pyri	-
Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)		-	-	-

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		> 36	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Lepomis macrochirus	Moderate
Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)		> 95.6	L2 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source Pimephales promelas	Low
Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		> 119	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Daphnia magna	Low
Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		> 67.0	F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 3 = Unverified data of known source Americamysis bahia	Moderate
Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)		-	-	-
Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)		0.013	C4 C = AGRITOX (click here ) 4 = Verified data Unknown species	Moderate
Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)		0.01	J4 J = Pesticide Action Network database (click here ) 4 = Verified data Green algae population study	Moderate
Mesocosm study data	NOEAEC mg l⁻¹	-	-	-
	NOEAEC mg l⁻¹	-	-	-

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property		Value	Source; quality score; and other information	Interpretation
Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)		High (class III)	-	-
Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)		1300	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Rat	Moderate
Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)		5000	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Rabbit	-
Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)		5.6	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Rat	-
Other Mammal toxicity endpoints		-	-	-
ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)		0.13	L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source	-
ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)		-	-	-
AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)		-	-	-
AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)		-	-	-
Dermal penetration studies (%)		-	-	-
Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464		-	-	-
Exposure Routes	Public	-
	Occupational	-
MRLs	European	EU MRL pesticide database
	Great Britain	GB MRL Register
	Notes	-
Drinking Water Standards		-	-	-
Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)		-	-	-
Mammalian dose elimination route and rate		Excreted primarily in the urine	G3 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET (click here ) 3 = Unverified data of known source	-

Health issues

Specific human health issues		Carcinogen Genotoxic Endocrine disruptor ?Possibly, status not identified A3 A = Chromosome aberration (EFSA database) 3 = Negative ; B0 B = DNA damage/repair (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; C0 C = Gene mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; D0 D = Genome mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; E3 E = Unspecified genotoxicity type (miscellaneous data source) 3 = Negative ?Possibly, status not identified Reproduction / development effects Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor Neurotoxicant XNo, known not to cause a problem XNo, known not to cause a problem XNo, known not to cause a problem Respiratory tract irritant Skin irritant Skin sensitiser ?Possibly, status not identified ✓Yes, known to cause a problem No data found Eye irritant Phototoxicant   ✓Yes, known to cause a problem No data found
General human health issues		May cause inflammation of the stomach and intestinal mucous membranes, gastroenteritis or liver damage

Handling issues

Property	Value and interpretation
General	Not expected to autoignite; Not highly flammable
CLP classification 2013	Health: H302, H315, H319, H335 Environment: H400, H410
WHO Classification	U (Unlikely to present an acute hazard)
UN Number	3077
Waste disposal & packaging	Packging Group III (minor danger)

TRANSLATIONS

Language	Name
English	bromacil
French	bromacil
German	Bromacil
Danish	bromacil
Italian	bromacile
Spanish	bromacilo
Greek	-
Polish	bromacyl
Swedish	-
Hungarian	-
Dutch	-

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Record last updated:	14/01/2023
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242