Doxycycline

Doxycycline	Last updated: 16/03/2023
(Also known as: vibramycin-D; doxytetracycline)

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
		Human health High alert: Genotoxic; Reproduction/development effects Warning: Significant data are missing

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

An antibiotic drug effective against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and used to treat bacterial infections including pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections

Availability status

Introduction & key dates

early 1960s, developed

Examples of species treated

Dogs, Cats, Pigs, Chickens, Birds

Chemical structure

Isomerism

Isomeric

Chemical formula

₂₂H₂₄N₂O₈

Canonical SMILES

CC1C2C(C3C(C(=O)C(=C(C3(C(=O)C2=C(C4=C1C=CC=C4O)O)O)O)C(=O)N)N(C)C)O

Isomeric SMILES

C[C@@H]1[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@H]3[C@@H](C(=O)C(=C([C@]3(C(=O)C2=C(C4=C1C=CC=C4O)O)O)O)C(=O)N)N(C)C)O

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

JBIWCJUYHHGXTC-AKNGSSGZSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C22H24N2O8/c1-7-8-5-4-6-9(25)11(8)16(26)12-10(7)17(27)14-15(24(2)3)18(28)13(21(23)31)20(30)22(14,32)19(12)29/h4-7,10,14-15,17,25,27-29,32H,1-3H3,(H2,23,31)/t7-,10+,14+,15-,17-,22-/m0/s1

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
Doxycycline monohydrate	Variant

General status

Veterinary substance type

Antibiotic, Antiparasitic, Antiprotozoal, Antibacterial, Medicinal drug

Substance groups

Tetracycline

Minimum active substance purity

Known relevant impurities

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

A protein synthesis inhibitor

Molecular targets

[30S ribosomal protein S9, antagonist], [30S ribosomal protein S4, antagonist], [16S rRNA, antagonist]

CAS RN

564-25-0

EC number

209-271-1

CIPAC number

US EPA chemical code

PubChem CID

ATCvet Code

QJ01AA02

Therapeutic Class

Antiinfectants for systemic use: Antibacterials for systemic use

Controlled Drug?

Regulation 37/2010 MRL Classification

Allowed substance (Table 1: Bovine, Porcine, Poultry)

Molecular mass

444.44

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

IUPAC name

(4S,4aR,5S,5aR,6R,12aS)-4-(dimethylamino)- 3,5,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy- 6-methyl- 1,11-dioxo- 1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene- 2-carboxamide

CAS name

α-6-deoxy-5-hydroxytetracycline

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Physical state

Yellow crystalline powder

Formulations

Property

Product

Manufacturer

Authorisation Route

UK Legal Class

Example products using this active

Doxyseptin 300mg film-coated tablets

Vetoquinol UK Ltd

UK National authorisation

Prescription only medicine to be authorised by a veterinarian (POM-V)

Karidox 100 mg/ml oral solution for use in drinking water for chickens and pigs

Laboratrorios Karizoo S.A.

EU Mutually recognised procedure

Prescription only medicine to be authorised by a veterinarian (POM-V)

Pulmodox 100 mg/g premix for medicated feeding stuff for pigs

Lavet Pharmaceuticals Ltd

EU Mutually recognised procedure

Prescription only medicine to be authorised by a veterinarian (POM-V)

Ronaxan 20mg Tablets

Merial Animal health Ltd

UK National authorisation

Prescription only medicine to be authorised by a veterinarian (POM-V)

Formulation and application details

Available in a variety of formulations including tablets and medicated feeds

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

630

High

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

Melting point (°C)

201

Chars without melting

Boiling point (°C)

Degradation point (°C)

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

9.55 X 10^-01

Calculated

Log P

-0.02

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Data type

Density (g ml⁻¹)

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

1.89 X 10^-18

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Max in 0.01 N Methanolic hydrogen chloride: 267nm LOG E= 4.24, 351nm LOG E= 4.12

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Refractive Index

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

Note

Manure DT₅₀ (days)

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Note

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d

K_oc

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f

K_foc

¹/_n

Notes and range

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

CT₅₀ (days)

Known metabolites

None

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Soil micro-organisms

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps)

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites)

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

Intravenous LD₅₀ = 228 mg kg⁻¹

Rat

Intraperitoneal LD₅₀ = 378 mg kg⁻¹

rat

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Occupational

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Largely metabolised and excreted in the faeces (20-40%) and urine (20-30%)

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

No data found

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

No data found

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

No data found

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

General human health issues

May cause photosensitivity skin reactions
May cause nausea and vomiting

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

No information available

CLP classification 2013

WHO Classification

Not listed (Not listed)

UN Number

Waste disposal & packaging

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

doxycycline

French

German

Danish

Italian

doxiciclina

Spanish

doxiciclina

Greek

Polish

Swedish

Hungarian

Dutch

Norwegian

Record last updated:	16/03/2023
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242