Monensin sodium

Monensin sodium	Last updated: 16/09/2025
(Also known as: monensic acid, sodium salt)

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A broad spectrum ionophone veterinary antibotic isolated from Streptomyces cinnamonensis

Examples of veterinary uses

Used as a coccidiostat drug as well as a growth promotor

Examples of species treated

Poultry; Cattle; Goats

Approval status

VMR 2013/2033 approval status (GB/UK)

Not approved

EU Regulatory approval status

Not approved

Chemical structure

Isomerism

Monensin, itself, has four isomers labeled A, B, C, and D. The A isomer is the major component, making up about 98% of the mixture

Chemical formula

C₃₆H₆₁O₁₁Na

Canonical SMILES

CCC1(CCC(O1)C2(CCC3(O2)CC(C(C(O3)C(C)C(C(C)C(=O)[O-])OC)C)O)C)C4C(CC(O4)C5C(CC(C(O5)(CO)O)C)C)C.[Na+]

Isomeric SMILES

CC[C@]1(CC[C@@H](O1)[C@]2(CC[C@@]3(O2)C[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O3)[C@H](C)[C@@H]([C@@H](C)C(=O)[O-])OC)C)O)C)[C@@H]4[C@@H](C[C@H](O4)[C@@H]5[C@H](C[C@H]([C@@](O5)(CO)O)C)C)C.[Na+]

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

XOIQMTLWECTKJL-PDHYURILSA-M

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C36H62O11.Na/c1-10-34(31-20(3)16-26(43-31)28-19(2)15-21(4)36(41,18-37)46-28)12-11-27(44-34)33(8)13-14-35(47-33)17-25(38)22(5)30(45-35)23(6)29(42-9)24(7)32(39)40;/h19-31,37-38,41H,10-18H2,1-9H3,(H,39,40);/q;+1/p-1/t19-,20+,21+,22+,23+,24+,25-,26-,27+,28-,29-,30-,31-,33+,34-,35+,36-;/m0./s1

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
monensin	Parent

General status

Veterinary substance type

Antibiotic, Antibacterial, Coccidiostat, Feed additive, Growth promotor

Substance groups

Polyether (ionophore)

Minimum active substance purity

>98%

Known relevant impurities

Substance origin

Natural

Mode of action

A protein transport inhibitor

Molecular targets

[Intracellular protein transport, Blocker]

CAS RN

22373-78-0

EC number

244-941-7

CIPAC number

US EPA chemical code

PubChem CID

Therapeutic Class

Antiparasitic products, insecticides & repellents: Antiprotozoals

ATCvet Code

QP51AH03

Controlled Drug?

Regulation 37/2010 MRL Classification

Allowed substance (Table 1: Bovine)

Molecular mass

692.86

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

IUPAC name

4-[2-[5-ethyl-5-[5-[6-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3,5-dimethyl-oxan-2-yl]-3-methyl-oxolan-2-yl]oxolan-2-yl]- 9-hydroxy-2,8-dimethyl-1,6-dioxasp iro[4.5]dec-7-yl]-3-methoxy-2-methyl-pentanoic acid, sodium salt

CAS name

Forever chemical

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Physical state

Light brown to white crystalline solid whith characteristic odour

Commercial

Property

Value

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

1979, first synthesised; Mid 1980s, registered for vet use USA

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Huvepharma Eood

Example products using this active

Monensin sodium 40%

Formulation and application details

Usually supplied as a premix or feed additive

Commercial production

Monensin sodium is produced through a microbial fermentation process using the bacterium Streptomyces cinnamonensis. The process begins with cultivating the strain in nutrient-rich media under aerobic conditions, where it biosynthesises monensin as a secondary metabolite. After fermentation, the broth is treated with NaOH to convert monensin into its sodium salt, then extracted using organic solvents, concentrated, and purified, often via chromatography and crystallisation, to yield high-purity monensin sodium.

Impact on climate of production and use

As microbial-based products tend to use fermentation-based production processes rather than chemical synthesis, they typically have a lower fossil fuel input in formulation and active ingredient creation, and also have reduced downstream emissions due to biodegradability and minimal soil disruption, their life-cycle GHG emissions are expected to be low. Whilst hard and precise data is not available, broad estimates suggest that typically emissions are likely to be below 5 kg CO₂e/kg.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

63.0

Moderate

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

25000

Ethanol

50000

Methanol

25000

Chloroform

Melting point (°C)

267

Boiling point (°C)

Degradation point (°C)

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

2.69 X 10⁰⁵

Calculated

Log P

5.43

High

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Data type

Density (g ml⁻¹)

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

6.65

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

4.27 X 10^-18

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Refractive Index

Environmental release

Monensin is found in turkey excreta and so may be introduced into soil by use of turkey litter as a soil amendment. Monensin is extensively metabolised by cattle

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

7.5

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

Note

USEPA data: DT₅₀ 7.5 days in soil without manure, and 7.4 days with cattle manure (F4). General literature: 1ppm soil conc, only trace remained after 20 days (R4)

Manure DT₅₀ (days)

7.4

soil & cattle manure in field; DT₅₀ 5.8 days for soil & cattle manure in greenhouse R3

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Stable at all environmentally relevant pH values

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Sediment phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

¹/_n

Notes and range

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

CT₅₀ (days)

Known soil and groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

monensin methyl ester

MME

monensin decyl ester

MDE

O-desmethyl monensin
Note: Significantly less biologically active than parent

Cattle; Poultry

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Rat

High

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

85.7

Colinus Virginianus

High

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

980 mg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹

Colinus Virginianus

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 500

Enchytraeus crypticus

Moderate

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Moderate

Soil micro-organisms

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Vegetative vigour ER₅₀ (g ha⁻¹)

Seedling emergence ER₅₀ (g ha⁻¹)

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Notes

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps)

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites)

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

9.0

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

10.7

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic Plants (free-floating, fonds growth, fresh) - 7 day (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic plants (rooted, growth rate, fresh) - 14 day (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute (growth rate, fresh; mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Chronic (growth rate, fresh; mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

Marine bivalves

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Rat

High

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

Intraperitoneal LD₅₀ = 15 mg kg⁻¹

Rat

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Occupational

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Excreted rapidly in the faeces and urine

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

No data found

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

No data found

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

May cause pulmonary edema
May cause gastroinstinal and renal function problems
Possible cardiac, thyroid, kidney and adrenal toxicant

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke & irritating fumes
Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas
IMDG Transport Hazard Class 6.1

CLP classification 2013

WHO Classification

Not listed (Not listed)

UN Number

UN2811

Waste disposal & packaging

Pachaging Group III (minor danger)

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

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monensin sodium

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Record last updated:	16/09/2025
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242