D-fructose |

Last updated: 24/08/2025
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(Also known as: D-fructopyranose; D-fructopyranoside; fructose; sugar) |
Fructose is a natural sugar that does not have pesticidal properties but which can act as an Elicitor, enhancing the plants natural defence system against boring insects. Whilst data is scant, fructose is not a substance of environmenal or toxicological concern when used for plant protection purposes. |
The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement. These hazard alerts do not take account of usage patterns or exposure, thus do not represent risk.
Environmental fate |
Ecotoxicity |
Human health |
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Fructose is a natural sugar that does not have pesticidal properties but which can act as an Elicitor, enhancing the plants natural defence system against boring insects. It is also used as an insect attractant |
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Boring insects such Cydia pomonella |
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Apples; Pear |
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- |
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EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Approved |
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- |
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Open ended |
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No |
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Yes |
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ATAustria |
BEBelgium |
BGBulgaria |
CYCyprus |
CZCzech Republic |
DEGermany |
DKDenmark |
EEEstonia |
ELGreece |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
ESSpain |
FIFinland |
FRFrance |
HRCroatia |
HUHungary |
IEIreland |
ITItaly |
LTLithuania |
LULuxembourg |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
LVLatvia |
MTMalta |
NLNetherlands |
PLPoland |
PTPortugal |
RORomania |
SESweden |
SISlovenia |
SKSlovakia |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
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ISIceland |
NONorway |
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D-fructose exhibits several types of isomerism that reflect its structural complexity and biological versatility. As a ketohexose, it is a functional isomer of D-glucose, which is an aldohexose but differ in their carbonyl group placement. D-fructose also has stereoisomers, including L-fructose, and epimers like D-psicose, which differ at a single chiral centre. In aqueous solution, D-fructose cyclises to form furanose and pyranose rings, giving rise to alpha- and beta-anomers based on the orientation of the hydroxyl group at the anomeric carbon. Additionally, under certain conditions, it can undergo keto-enol tautomerism, interconverting with aldose forms. These layers of isomerism influence its sweetness, reactivity, and role in metabolic pathways. |
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C₆H₁₂O₆ |
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C1C(C(C(C(O1)(CO)O)O)O)O |
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C1[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](C(O1)(CO)O)O)O)O |
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LKDRXBCSQODPBY-VRPWFDPXSA-N |
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InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-2-6(11)5(10)4(9)3(8)1-12-6/h3-5,7-11H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5+,6?/m1/s1 |
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Yes |
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Insecticide; Other substance |
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Attractant; Elicitor |
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Plant-derived substance |
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Food grade purity |
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- |
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Natural |
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Stimulates plant natural defence systems. Attracts insects to improve pesticide exposure. |
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Natural fruit sugar |
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Crop protection |
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Boring insects such Cydia pomonella |
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Apples; Pears |
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- |
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57-48-7 |
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200-333-3 |
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- |
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- |
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2723872 |
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180.16 |
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β-D-fructofuranose |
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(3S,4R,5R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol |
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β-D-fructofuranose |
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- |
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EU Basic substance under Article 28 of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009); UK Basic commodity substance implemented under the UK's Plant Protection Products Regulations 2011; Some applications may be approved under the GB Biocide Products Regulations |
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- |
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Not applicable |
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Not applicable |
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Not known |
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Not applicable |
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None |
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White crystalline solid with sweet taste |
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Current |
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Used for centuries informally; early-2000s, used in IPM |
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Used in trap-based pest control systems, sticky traps systems and other lure-type products |
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Commercial production of D-fructose typically involves enzymatic conversion of starch-derived glucose. The process begins with the hydrolysis of starch using amylase enzymes, which break down the polysaccharide into D-glucose. This glucose is then isomerised into D-fructose using glucose isomerase, an enzyme that rearranges the molecular structure without altering the chemical formula. The reaction conditions, such as pH, temperature, and enzyme concentration, are carefully optimised to maximise yield. Simultaneous enzyme reactions, where both amylase and glucose isomerase act on starch in a single step, have proven more efficient than sequential methods, producing higher concentrations of D-fructose over extended reaction times. |
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While no study gives a precise figure for D-fructose alone, published data for corn farming, starch hydrolysis and processing give a rough estimate of 1.5 to 3.0 kg CO₂e per kg of D-fructose produced. |
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4000000 |
Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
High |
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103 |
Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. |
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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Known soil and groundwater metabolites |
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None
Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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> 4000 |
R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data Rat |
Low |
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HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION |
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> 4000 |
R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data Rat |
Low |
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None allocated |
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None allocated |
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None allocated |
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None allocated |
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No risks identified |
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No risks identified |
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Carcinogen |
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Endocrine disruptor |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
A0 A = Chromosome aberration (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; B0 B = DNA damage/repair (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; C0 C = Gene mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; D0 D = Genome mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; E0 E = Unspecified genotoxicity type (miscellaneous data source) 0 = No data |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
Reproduction / development effects |
Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor |
Neurotoxicant |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
Respiratory tract irritant |
Skin irritant |
Skin sensitiser |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
Eye irritant |
Phototoxicant |
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XNo, known not to cause a problem |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
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Fructose is not a substance of significant toxicological concern when used for crop protection Fructose is linked to obesity and diabetes |
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Not explosive or oxidising |
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Not listed (Not listed) |
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D-fructose |
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Record last updated: |
24/08/2025 |
Contact: |
aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: |
Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |