Paraquat dichloride |
![]() Last updated: 27/11/2019 |
![]() |
(Also known as: methyl viologen ) |
|
![]() |
|
A herbicide used to control common weeds and grasses in a wide range of agricultural and amenity situations | |
---|---|---|
|
Broad-leaved weeds including cocksfoot; Grasses including wild oats, Yorkshire fog grass, ryegrass, fescue | |
|
Rice; Lucerne; Beans & peas; Hops; Vineyards; Potaoes; Non-cropped areas such as roadways, paths | |
|
- | |
|
Unknown | |
|
- |
UK regulatory status |
|
Not approved | ||
---|---|---|---|
|
Not applicable | ||
|
No UK approval for use |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
|
Not approved | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
UK | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Not applicable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Not applicable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
Also used in |
|
- |
---|
Chemical structure |
|
- | |
---|---|---|
|
C₁₂H₁₄Cl₂N₂ | |
|
C[N+]1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC=[N+](C=C2)C.[Cl-].[Cl-] | |
|
No data | |
|
FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L | |
|
InChI=1S/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2 | |
|
Yes |
|
![]() |
Common Name | Relationship | Link |
---|---|---|
paraquat dichloride | - | ![]() |
General status |
|
Herbicide | |
---|---|---|
|
Quarternary ammonium compound | |
|
- | |
|
EU dossier - free 4,4¢-bipyridyl 0.2% | |
|
Synthetic | |
|
Broad-spectrum, non-residual activity with contact and some desiccant action. Photosystem I (electron transport) inhibitor. | |
|
1910-42-5 | |
|
217-615-7 | |
|
- | |
|
061601 | |
|
15938 | |
|
257.16 | |
|
1,1'-dimethyl-[4,4'-bipyridine]-1,1'-diium dichloride | |
|
1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride | |
|
1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride | |
|
PAN Dirty Dozen; Chemical subject to PIC regulations | |
|
- | |
|
D | |
|
22 | |
|
Not applicable | |
|
Not applicable | |
|
Lolium rigidum | |
|
off-white crystalline solid |
Formulations |
|
|
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Usually formulated as a soluble concentrate or aqueous liquid |
|
![]() |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
620000 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
|
100 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Acetone4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
100 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Toluene4 = Verified data |
- | |||||||||
100 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Ethyl acetate4 = Verified data |
- | |||||||||
100 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Hexane4 = Verified data |
- | |||||||||
|
Decomoses before melting | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
Decomposes before boiling | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
340 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
Not expected to self ignite; Not highly flammable | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
|
3.16 X 10-05 | Calculated | - | |||||||
|
-4.5 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
|
1.5 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
|
Not applicable | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
No dissociation | |||||||||||
|
0.01 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Low volatility | ||||||||
|
4.0 X 10-09 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Non-volatile | ||||||||
|
290nm | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - |
Degradation |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
- | ||||||||||
|
|
365 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Very persistent | |||||||
|
365 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Very persistent | ||||||||
|
365 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Very persistent | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
Stable and persistent, General literature DT₅₀ up to 20 years | ||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
|
Stable | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Stable | |||||||
|
Stable at all relevant wavelengths | ||||||||||
|
|
Stable | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Stable | |||||||
|
Stable at all relevant pHs | ||||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - |
Soil adsorption and mobility |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
- | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-mobile | |||||||
|
100000 | ||||||||||
|
EU dossier Koc range 8400-40000000 mL g⁻¹ | ||||||||||
|
|
3240 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
Non-mobile | |||||||
|
228537 | ||||||||||
|
2.9 | ||||||||||
|
Kf range 717-6260 mL g⁻¹; Kfoc range 14340-581000 mL g⁻¹; 1/n range 1.96-4.0, Soils=9 | ||||||||||
|
None, adsorption correlates to soil clay content |
Fate indices |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
-3.48 | Calculated | Low leachability | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
5.35 X 10-03 | Calculated | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Estimated concentrations of chemicals with Koc values greater than 9995 ml g⁻¹ are beyond the scope of the regression data used in SCI-GROW development. If there are concerns for such chemicals, a higher tier groundwater exposure assessment should be considered, regardless of the concentration returned by SCI-GROW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
High | Calculated | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Non-mobile | Calculated | - |
|
![]() |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Low risk | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Based on LogP < 35 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low risk | |||||||
|
- | - | |||||||||
|
110 | G4 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET (click here ) Rat4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | |||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
35 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Unknown species 4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
|
698 mg kg feed⁻¹ | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Unknown species4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
15 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets Oncorhynchus mykiss4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
2.5 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Oncorhynchus mykiss 30 day3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
1.2 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets Daphnia magna4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
0.01 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Daphnia magna4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
0.367 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Chironomus riparius5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
> 100 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Chironomus riparius5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
|
0.088 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets Lemna gibba4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
- | - | - | |||||||||
|
0.32 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets Raphidocelis subcapitata4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
72 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 4 = Verified data |
Moderate | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
> 48 | E3 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
- | |||||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
- | |||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
> 1000 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
|
> 1000 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida 7 day4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - |
|
- | - | - | |||
|
|
- | - | - |
|
- | - | - | |||
|
Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect |
A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes Dose: 720 kg ha⁻¹ 1 year |
- | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - |
|
- | - | - |
|
![]() |
General |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
|
110 | G4 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET (click here ) Rat4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
0.004 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Dog SF=1004 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
|
0.005 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Dog SF=1004 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
0.0004 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Dog SF=1004 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
|
0.5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
No unacceptable risks to bystanders identified | |||||||||
|
No unacceptable risks to operators or other workers identified | ||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - |
Health issues |
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Potential liver, kidney, stomach, intestine and respiratory system toxicant May damage lungs if inhaled |
Handling issues |
|
|
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
Not explosive or oxidising IMDG Transport Code is usually 6.1 |
|||
|
- | |||
|
T+ - Very toxic: R26 T - Toxic: R24/25, R48/25 Xi - Irritant: R36/37/38 N - Dangerous for the environment: R50, R53 |
|||
|
S1/2, S22, S28, S36/37/39, S45, S60, S61 | |||
|
II (Moderately hazardous) | |||
|
Usually 2811 | |||
|
Packaging Group I / II (great / medium danger) |
|
![]() |
|
|
||
---|---|---|---|
|
paraquat dichloride | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- |
Record last updated: | 27/11/2019 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |