paraquat (Ref: PP 148) |
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GENERAL INFORMATION
for paraquat
Description: A herbicide used to control common weeds in a wide range of agricultural and amenity situations
Example pests controlled: Broad-leaved weeds including cocksfoot; Grasses including wild oats, Yorkshire fog grass, ryegrass, fescue
Example applications: Rice; Lucerne; Beans & peas; Hops; Vineyards; Potaoes; Non-cropped areas such as roadways, paths
Efficacy & activity: -
Availability status: Current
Introduction & key dates: 1962
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414):
Status | Not approved |
Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur | UK |
Date inclusion expires | Expired |
EU Candidate for substitution (CfS) | - |
Approved for use () or known to be used (
) in the following European countries:
AT |
BE |
BG |
CY |
CZ |
DE |
DK |
EE |
EL |
ES |
FI |
FR |
HR |
HU |
IE |
IT |
LT |
LU |
LV |
MT |
NL |
PL |
PT |
RO |
SE |
SI |
SK |
UK |
Also used in: Australia, USA, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Japan, India, China, Indonesia, Thailand, New Zealand
Pesticide type | Herbicide | |
Substance group | Bipyridylium | |
Minimum active substance purity | - | |
Known relevant impurities | EU dossier - free 4,4¢-bipyridyl | |
Substance origin | Synthetic | |
Mode of action | Broad-spectrum, non-residual activity with contact and some desiccant action. Photosystem I (electron transport) inhibitor. | |
CAS RN | 4685-14-7 | |
EC number | 217-615-7 | |
CIPAC number | 56 | |
US EPA chemical code | - | |
Isomerism | - | |
Chemical formula | C12H14N2 | |
SMILES | c2cc(c1cc[n+](cc1)C)cc[n+]2C | |
International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey) | INFDPOAKFNIJBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
International Chemical Identifier (InChI) | InChI=1S/C12H14N2/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12/h3-10H,1-2H3/q+2 | |
Structure diagram/image available? | Yes | |
Molecular mass (g mol-1) | 186.25 | |
PIN (Preferred Identification Name) | - | |
IUPAC name | 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium | |
CAS name | 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium | |
Other status information | PAN Dirty Dozen; Chemical subject to PIC regulations | |
Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC) | D | |
Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA) | 22 | |
Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC) | Not applicable | |
Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC) | Not applicable | |
Examples of recorded resistance | Lolium rigidum | |
Physical state | Colourless to pale yellow crystalline solid | |
Related substances & organisms |
Formulations:
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
for paraquat
Property ![]() |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information ![]() |
Interpretation ![]() |
|
Linear | Kd | - | A3 | Non-mobile |
Koc | 1000000 | |||
Notes and range | - | |||
Freundlich | Kf | - | - | - |
Kfoc | - | |||
1/n | - | |||
Notes and range | - | |||
pH sensitivity | - |
HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION
for paraquat
General:
Property ![]() |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information ![]() |
Interpretation ![]() |
|
Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class) ![]() |
High (class III) | - | - | |
Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1) | 110 | G4 Rat | Moderate | |
Mammals - Dermal LD50 (mg kg-1 body weight) | > 200 | A4 Rat | - | |
Mammals - Inhalation LC50 (mg l-1) | 0.6 | A5 Rat | - | |
Other Mammal toxicity endpoints | - | - | ||
ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg-1bw day-1) | 0.004 | A5 Dog, SF=100 | - | |
ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg-1bw day-1) | 0.005 | A5 Dog, SF=100 | - | |
AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg-1bw day-1) | 0.0004 | A5 Dog, 90 day, SF=100 | - | |
Dermal penetration studies (%) | 0.5 | A5 | - | |
Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464 | [No unacceptable risks to bystanders identified] | - | - | |
Exposure Limits | [LT TWA 8hr: 0.1 mg/m3] | Occupation Exposure | - | |
Exposure Routes | Public | No unacceptable risks to operators or other workers identified | ||
Occupational | - | |||
European MRLs | Click here for the EU MRL pesticide database | |||
Drinking Water MAC (μg l-1) | - | - | - |
Health issues:
Carcinogen | Mutagen | Endocrine disrupter | Reproduction / development effects | Cholinesterase inhibitor | Neurotoxicant | |||
Respiratory tract irritant | Skin irritant | Skin sensitiser | Eye irritant | Phototoxicant | ||||
- |
- |
|
||||||
General human health issues | Potential liver, kidney, stomach, intestine and respiratory system toxicant |
: Yes, known to cause a problem
: No, known not to cause a problem
: Possibly, status not identified
- : No data found
Handling issues:
Language | Name |
English | paraquat |
French | paraquat |
German | Paraquat |
Danish | paraquat |
Italian | paraquat |
Spanish | paracuat |
Greek | - |
Slovenian | parakvat |
Polish | parakwat |
Swedish | - |
Hungarian | - |
Dutch | - |
Record last updated: Thursday 19 November 2015
Contact: aeru@herts.ac.uk