Thiram (Ref: ENT 987)

Thiram (Ref: ENT 987)	Last updated: 17/03/2021
(Also known as: thiuram; TMTD; thylate; TMTDS)

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A multi-use carbamate fungicide which is also used as a mammal repellent. Also pesticide transformation product.

Example pests controlled

As a fungicide: Seed decay; Seedling blight; Damping-off; Kernal smut; Smuts; Bunts. As a repellent: Rabbits; Deer

Example applications

Cereals including barley, millet, oats, rye, triticale; Beans and peas; Brassicas; Beet crops; Aubergines; Flax; Onions; Soybean; Sunflowers; Tomatoes; Fruit including apples, pear, cherry, strawberry

Efficacy & activity

Shown to be efficatious via field trials and long term use across the EU

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

circa 1945

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status

Not approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

Expired

UK LERAP status

None (may vary with mixtures)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Not approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

France/Belgium

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Expired

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Not applicable

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece
			✓		✓	✓
ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg

LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia
		✓	✓	✓	✓

Also used in

Chemical structure

Isomerism

None

Chemical formula

C₆H₁₂N₂S₄

Canonical SMILES

CN(C)C(=S)SSC(=S)N(C)C

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C6H12N2S4/c1-7(2)5(9)11-12-6(10)8(3)4/h1-4H3

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
thiram	-

General status

Pesticide type

Fungicide, Repellent, Metabolite

Metabolite Type

Soil, Water, Animal

Substance group

Carbamate

Minimum active substance purity

980 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

EU dossier - None declared

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Contact action with protective properties, acts by inhibiting spore germination and mycelial growth. Repellent properties caused by aversion to its taste. Multi-site activity.

CAS RN

137-26-8

EC number

205-286-2

CIPAC number

US EPA chemical code

079801

PubChem CID

5455

Molecular mass

240.43

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

N1,N1,N3,N3-tetramethyl-2-dithioperoxy-1,3-dithiodicarbonic diamide

IUPAC name

tetramethylthiuram disulfide

CAS name

tetramethylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide

Other status information

Chemical subject to PIC regulations (some formulations)

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

White to yellow crystalline powder

Related substances & organisms

carboxin

prochloraz

thiabendazole

oxadixyl

Can be a metabolite of:

Parent

Formation medium

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

1107/2009 relevancy

ziram

Soil

0.494

Major fraction, Relvant

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Thiraflo
Thianosan
Greenthionock
Basultra
Thiram 80 WG
Pomarsol
Tiurante
Rhodiason

Example products using this active

Agrichem
Chemtura
Unicrop
AgroCare

Formulation and application details

Often supplied as a flowable concentrate for use as a seed treatment or as a liquid concentrate for painting on to trees and as wettable granules for general use

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

18.0

Low

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

8530

Ethyl acetate

21000

Acetone

Hexane

8300

Xylene

Melting point (°C)

145

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

165

Flashpoint (°C)

Not expected to self ignite; Not highly flammable

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

6.92 X 10⁰¹

Calculated

Log P

1.84

Low

Bulk density (g ml⁻¹)

1.36

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

8.19

Weak acid

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

2.0 X 10^-02

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

1.39 X 10^-04

Non-volatile

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

pH 6.9: 216nm = 19800, 248nm = 13920, 273nm = 12920
pH 1.2: 217nm = 19910, 246nm = 14240, 272nm = 13080
pH 10: 219nm = 21770, 250nm = 15660, 277nm = 14310

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

71.5

at 20°C 99.1% w/w

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

4.89

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

4.89

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

17.7

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

EU RAR 2016: lab studies DT₅₀ range 2.2 - 20.4 days, DT₉₀ range, 9.05 - 79.89 days, Soils=4; Other studies: lab studies DT₅₀ range 2-101 days (R4), field studies DT₅₀ ~15 days

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on plant matrix

Value

6.4

Note

Blueberry fruit, n=1

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ on and in plant matrix

Value

6.6

Note

Published literature RL₅₀ range 1.7-11.3 days, field & lab literature, 4 crops, various matrices, n=5

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

0.4

Fast

Note

Data for pH 5, 25 °C

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

3.5

Non-persistent

Note

pH sensitive: DT₅₀ 68.5 days at pH 5, 6.9 hours at pH 9, all at 25 °C

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

1.6

Fast

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

1.6

Moderately fast

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d

K_oc

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f

108

Non-mobile

K_foc

9629

¹/_n

1.104

Notes and range

EU dossier K_f range 54.1-263.1 mL g⁻¹, K_foc range 2245-24526 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 1.036-1.149, Soils=4

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

0.02

Calculated

Low leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

5.24 X 10^-03

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Medium

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Non-mobile

Calculated

Key metabolites

Metabolite

Formation medium

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

1107/2009 relevancy

N,N dimethyl carbamosulfonic acid

Soil

0.162

Major fraction, Relevant

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

3.9

(whole body)

Low potential

CT₅₀ (days)

Not available

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 1800

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

1.5

Rat 2 year

High

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Rat Reproductive NOAEL

High

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 930

Colinus virginianus

Moderate

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

> 947 mg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹

unknown species

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

37.5

Colinus virginianus NOEC

Moderate

Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.171

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.012

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.139

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.008

Daphnia magna

High

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.0033

Americamysis bahia

High

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

1.6

Lemna gibba 7 day

Moderate

Non-target plants

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.141

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Moderate

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

0.029

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Moderate

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 100

Apis mellifera

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 106.8

Apis mellifera

Low

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other pollinators (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other pollinators (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

540

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

8.45

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Other soil macro-organisms

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

29.3

Folsomia candida

Other arthropod (1)

LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

6000

>
Aphidius rhopalosiphi

% Effect

Mortality [Dose: 3kg product ha⁻¹]
Aphidius rhopalosiphi

Other arthropod (2)

LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

511

Typhlodromus pyri

% Effect

29.9

Total effect [Dose: 2.4 kg ha⁻¹ x 4 apps, field tests]
Typhlodromus pyri

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect
Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect

Dose: 24 kg ha⁻¹ 90 days

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

0.01

Aquatic invertebrates and algae

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 1800

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

2000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

3.46

Rat 4 hr (aerosol)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.01

Dog SF=100

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.025

Rat SF=300

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.025

Rat SF=300

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.02

Rat SF=100

Dermal penetration studies (%)

3-13

concentration dependent

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Acceptable for bystanders, residents and consumers

Occupational

PPE/PPC recommended

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

General human health issues

High doses may cause hyperactivity, ataxia, dyspnea, and convulsions
IARC Group 3 carcinogen; USEPA - not likely to be a human carcinogen
Possible liver toxicant

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not explosive or oxidising
IMDG Transport Code is usually 9

CLP classification 2013

Health: H302, H315, H317, H319, H332, H373
Environment: H400, H410

EC Risk Classification

Xn - Harmful: R20/22, R43, R48/22
Xi - Irritant: R36/38
N - Dangerous for the environment: R50, R53

EC Safety Classification

S2, S26, S36/37, S60, S61

WHO Classification

II (Moderately hazardous)

UN Number

Variable with product, usually 3077or 3082

Waste disposal & packaging

Packaging Group III (minor danger)

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

thiram

French

thirame

German

Thiram

Danish

thiram

Italian

tiram

Spanish

tiram

Greek

thiram

Polish

tiram

Swedish

Hungarian

thiram

Dutch

thiram

Record last updated:	17/03/2021
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242