Thiram (Ref: ENT 987)

Thiram (Ref: ENT 987)	Last updated: 14/11/2024
(Also known as: thiuram; TMTD; thylate; TMTDS)

SUMMARY

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate Moderate alert: Potential for particle bound transport: Medium	Ecotoxicity High alert: Daphnia chronic ecotoxicity: High	Human health High alert: Mammals chronic toxicity: High

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A multi-use carbamate fungicide which is also used as a mammal repellent. Also pesticide transformation product.

Example pests controlled

As a fungicide: Seed decay; Seedling blight; Damping-off; Kernal smut; Smuts; Bunts. As a repellent: Rabbits; Deer

Example applications

Cereals including barley, millet, oats, rye, triticale; Beans and peas; Brassicas; Beet crops; Aubergines; Flax; Onions; Soybean; Sunflowers; Tomatoes; Fruit including apples, pear, cherry, strawberry

Efficacy & activity

Shown to be efficatious via field trials and long term use across the EU

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

circa 1945, introduced

GB regulatory status

GB COPR regulatory status

Not approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

Expired

GB LERAP status

No UK approval for use as a plant protection agent

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Not approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

France/Belgium

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Expired

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Not applicable

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece
			✓		✓	✓
ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg

LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia
		✓	✓	✓	✓

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Also used in

Chemical structure

Isomerism

None

Chemical formula

C₆H₁₂N₂S₄

Canonical SMILES

CN(C)C(=S)SSC(=S)N(C)C

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C6H12N2S4/c1-7(2)5(9)11-12-6(10)8(3)4/h1-4H3

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Fungicide; Semiochemical; Metabolite; Other substance

Metabolite Type

Soil; Surface water; Animal

Other bioactivity & uses

Biocide; Slimicide; Preservative; Disinfectant

Substance groups

Carbamate fungicide; Dithiocarbamate fungicide

Minimum active substance purity

980 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

EU dossier - None declared

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Contact action with protective properties, acts by inhibiting spore germination and mycelial growth. Repellent properties caused by aversion to its taste. Multi-site activity.

CAS RN

137-26-8

EC number

205-286-2

CIPAC number

US EPA chemical code

079801

PubChem CID

5455

CLP index number

006-005-00-4

Molecular mass

240.43

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

N1,N1,N3,N3-tetramethyl-2-dithioperoxy-1,3-dithiodicarbonic diamide

IUPAC name

tetramethylthiuram disulfide

CAS name

tetramethylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide

Other status information

Chemical subject to PIC regulations (some formulations)

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

M03

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

White to yellow crystalline powder

Can be a metabolite of:

Parent

Formation medium

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

1107/2009 relevancy

ziram

Soil

0.494

Major fraction

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Agrichem
Chemtura
Unicrop
AgroCare

Example products using this active

Thiraflo
Thianosan
Greenthionock
Basultra
Thiram 80 WG
Pomarsol
Tiurante
Rhodiason

Formulation and application details

Often supplied as a flowable concentrate for use as a seed treatment or as a liquid concentrate for painting on to trees and as wettable granules for general use

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

18.0

Moderate

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

8530

Ethyl acetate

21000

Acetone

Hexane

8300

Xylene

Melting point (°C)

145

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

165

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

6.92 X 10⁰¹

Calculated

Log P

1.84

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Insoluble

Data type

Regulatory data based on LogP

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.36

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

8.19

Weak acid

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

2.0 X 10^-02

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

1.39 X 10^-04

Non-volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

pH 6.9: 216nm = 19800, 248nm = 13920, 273nm = 12920
pH 1.2: 217nm = 19910, 246nm = 14240, 272nm = 13080
pH 10: 219nm = 21770, 250nm = 15660, 277nm = 14310

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

71.5

at 20°C 99.1% w/w

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

4.89

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

4.89

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

17.7

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

EU RAR 2016: lab studies DT₅₀ range 2.2 - 20.4 days, DT₉₀ range, 9.05 - 79.89 days, Soils=4; Other studies: lab studies DT₅₀ range 2-101 days (R4), field studies DT₅₀ ~15 days

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

6.4

Note

Blueberry fruit, n=1

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

6.6

Note

Published literature RL₅₀ range 1.7-11.3 days, field & lab literature, 4 crops, various matrices, n=5

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

0.4

Fast

Note

Data for pH 5, 25 °C

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

3.5

Non-persistent

Note

pH sensitive: DT₅₀ 68.5 days at pH 5, 6.9 hours at pH 9, all at 25 °C

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

1.6

Fast

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

1.6

Moderately fast

Sediment phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

108

Non-mobile

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

9629

¹/_n

1.104

Notes and range

EU dossier K_f range 54.1-263.1 mL g⁻¹, K_foc range 2245-24526 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 1.036-1.149, Soils=4

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

0.02

Calculated

Low leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

5.24 X 10^-03

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Medium

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Non-mobile

Calculated

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

0.355

Calculated using the Atkinson method. Assumed 1.5E+06 OH/cm³, 12 hr

Below the level of concern for long-range air transport

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

3.9

Whole fish

Low potential

CT₅₀ (days)

Not available

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

N,N dimethyl carbamosulfonic acid

Major fraction

0.162

(dimethylamino)(thioxo)methanesulfinic acid

Major fraction

0.165

Known groundwater metabolites

Metabolite

EC SANCO/221/2000 relevancy

ADI (mg kg⁻¹ bodyweight day⁻¹)

WHO drinking water guidance value (μg L⁻¹ day⁻¹)

N,N dimethyl carbamosulfonic acid

Relevant

Other known metabolites

None

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 1800

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

1.5

Rat 2 yr

High

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Rat Reproductive NOAEL

High

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 930

Colinus virginianus

Moderate

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

> 947 mg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹

unknown species

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

37.5

Colinus virginianus NOEC

Moderate

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

540

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

8.45

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect
Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect

Dose: 24 kg ha⁻¹ 90 Day

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

29.3

Folsomia candida

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 100

Apis mellifera

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 106.8

Apis mellifera

Low

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic as 10-day LC₅₀ µg bee⁻¹ day⁻¹

> 4.32

Apis mellifera

Notes

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 6000

Aphidius rhopalosiphi

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

511

Typhlodromus pyri

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

160

Poecilus cupreus

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.171

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.012

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.034

Danio rerio Embryo

High

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.139

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.008

Daphnia magna

High

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.0033

Americamysis bahia

High

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants (free-floating, growth) - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

1.6

Lemna gibba 7 day

Moderate

Aquatic plants (rooted, growth) - Acute 14 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.141

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Moderate

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

0.029

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Moderate

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

0.01

Aquatic invertebrates and algae

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

Marine bivalves – Acute EC₅₀, intoxication (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.0042

Crassostrea gigas

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 1800

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

2000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

3.46

Rat 4 hr (aerosol)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.01

Dog SF=100

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.025

Rat SF=300

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.025

Rat SF=300

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.02

Rat SF=100

Dermal penetration studies (%)

3-13

concentration dependent

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Acceptable for bystanders, residents and consumers

Occupational

PPE/PPC recommended

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

GB expected to reduce MRL to LOQ June 2023

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

General human health issues

High doses may cause hyperactivity, ataxia, dyspnea, and convulsions
IARC Group 3 carcinogen - not classifiable; US EPA - not likely to be a human carcinogen; CLP data - no classification
Possible liver toxicant

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not explosive or oxidising
IMDG Transport Hazard Class 6.1
Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable

CLP classification 2013

Health: H302, H315, H317, H319, H332, H373
Environment: H400, H410

WHO Classification

II (Moderately hazardous)

UN Number

UN2757

Waste disposal & packaging

Packaging Group III (minor danger)

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

thiram

French

thirame

German

Thiram

Danish

thiram

Italian

tiram

Spanish

tiram

Greek

thiram

Polish

tiram

Swedish

Hungarian

thiram

Dutch

thiram

Norwegian

Record last updated:	14/11/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242