thiram (Ref: ENT 987) ** thiuram ** TMTD ** thylate ** TMTDS ** Translations

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GENERAL INFORMATION
for thiram

Description: A multi-use carbamate fungicide which is also used as a mammal repellent. Also pesticide transformation product.

Example pests controlled: As a fungicide: Seed decay; Seedling blight; Damping-off; Kernal smut; Smuts; Bunts. As a repellent: Rabbits; Deer

Example applications: Cereals including barley, millet, oats, rye, triticale; Beans and peas; Brassicas; Beet crops; Aubergines; Flax; Onions; Soybean; Sunflowers; Tomatoes; Fruit including apples, pear, cherry, strawberry

Efficacy & activity: Shown to be efficatious via field trials and long term use across the EU

Availability status: Current

Introduction & key dates: circa 1945

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414):

Status	Approved
Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur	France/Belgium
Date inclusion expires	30/04/2019
EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)	No
Listed in EU database	Yes

Approved for use () or known to be used () in the following European countries:

AT

BE

BG

CY

CZ

DE

DK

EE

EL

ES

FI

FR

HR

HU

IE

IT

LT

LU

LV

MT

NL

PL

PT

RO

SE

SI

SK

UK

Also used in: Australia, USA

Chemical structure:

Isomerism	None
Chemical formula	C6H12N2S4
Canonical SMILES	CN(C)C(=S)SSC(=S)N(C)C
Isomeric SMILES	No data
International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)	KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International Chemical Identifier (InChI)	InChI=1S/C6H12N2S4/c1-7(2)5(9)11-12-6(10)8(3)4/h1-4H3
2D structure diagram/image available?	Yes

General status:

Pesticide type	Fungicide, Repellent, Metabolite
Metabolite Type	Soil, Water, Animal
Substance group	Carbamate
Minimum active substance purity	980 g/kg
Known relevant impurities	EU dossier - None declared
Substance origin	Synthetic
Mode of action	Contact action with protective properties, acts by inhibiting spore germination and mycelial growth. Repellent properties caused by aversion to its taste. Multi-site activity.
CAS RN	137-26-8
EC number	205-286-2
CIPAC number	24
US EPA chemical code	079801
PubChem CID	5455
Molecular mass (g mol-1)	240.43
PIN (Preferred Identification Name)	N1,N1,N3,N3-tetramethyl-2-dithioperoxy-1,3-dithiodicarbonic diamide
IUPAC name	tetramethylthiuram disulfide
CAS name	tetramethylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide
Other status information	Chemical subject to PIC regulations (some formulations)
Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards	-
Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)	Not applicable
Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)	Not applicable
Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)	Not applicable
Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)	M3
Examples of recorded resistance	-
Physical state	White to yellow crystalline powder
Related substances & organisms	carboxin prochloraz thiabendazole oxadixyl

Can be a metabolite of:

Parent		Formation medium	Estimated maximum occurrence fraction	1107/2009 relevancy
ziram		Soil	0.494	Major fraction, Relvant

Formulations:

Property	Value
Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically	Agrichem Chemtura Unicrop AgroCare
Example products using this active	Thiraflo Thianosan Greenthionock Basultra Thiram 80 WG Pomarsol Tiurante Rhodiason
UK LERAP status	None (may vary with mixtures)
Formulation and application details	Often supplied as a flowable concentrate for use as a seed treatment or as a liquid concentrate for painting on to trees and as wettable granules for general use.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
for thiram

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Solubility - In water at 20oC (mg l-1)		18.0	A5	Low
Solubility - In organic solvents at 20oC (mg l-1)		8530	A5 - Ethyl acetate	-
		21000	A5 - Acetone	-
		93	A5 - Hexane	-
		8300	A5 - Xylene	-
Melting point (oC)		145	A5	-
Boiling point (oC)		Decomposes before boiling	A5	-
Degradation point (oC)		165	A5	-
Flashpoint (oC)		Not expected to self ignite; Not highly flammable	A5	-
Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20oC	P	6.92 X 1001	Calculated	-
	Log P	1.84	A5	Low
Bulk density (g ml-1)/Specific gravity		1.36	A5	-
Dissociation constant (pKa) at 25oC		8.19	A5 -	-
		Note: Weak acid
Vapour pressure at 20oC (mPa)		2.0 X 10-02	A5	Low volatility
Henry's law constant at 25oC (Pa m3 mol-1)		1.39 X 10-04	A5	Non-volatile
GUS leaching potential index		0.01	Calculated	Low leachability
SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l-1) for a 1 kg ha-1 or 1 l ha-1 application rate	Value	3.12 X 10-03	Calculated	-
	Note	-
Potential for particle bound transport index		-	Calculated	Medium
Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol-1 cm-1		pH 6.9: 216nm = 19800, 248nm = 13920, 273nm = 12920 pH 1.2: 217nm = 19910, 246nm = 14240, 272nm = 13080 pH 10: 219nm = 21770, 250nm = 15660, 277nm = 14310	A5	-
Surface tension (mN m-1)		71.5	A5 at 20degC, 99.1% w/ww	-

Degradation:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
General biodegradability		-
Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)	DT50 (typical)	4.89	A5	Non-persistent
	DT50 (lab at 20oC)	4.89	A5	Non-persistent
	DT50 (field)	15	G4	Non-persistent
	DT90 (lab at 20oC)	17.7	A5	-
	DT90 (field)	-	-	-
	DT50 modelling endpoint	-	-	-
	Note	EU RAR 2016: lab studies DT50 range 2.2 - 20.4 days, DT90 range, 9.05 - 79.89 days, Soils=4; Other studies: lab studies DT50 range 2-101 days (R4), field studies DT50 ~15 days
Dissipation rate RL50 on plant matrix	Value	6.4	R3	-
	Note	Blueberry fruit, n=1
Dissipation rate RL50 on and in plant matrix	Value	6.6	R4	-
	Note	Published literature RL50 range 1.7-11.3 days, field & lab literature, 4 crops, various matrices, n=5
Aqueous photolysis DT50 (days) at pH 7	Value	0.4	A5	Fast
	Note	Data for pH 5, 25 degC
Aqueous hydrolysis DT50 (days) at 20oC and pH 7	Value	3.5	A5	Non-persistent
	Note	pH sensitive: DT50 68.5 days at pH 5, 6.9 hours at pH 9, all at 25 degC
Water-sediment DT50 (days)		1.6	A5	Fast
Water phase only DT50 (days)		1.6	A5	Moderately fast

Soil adsorption and mobility:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Linear	Kd	-	-	-
	Koc	-
	Notes and range	-
Freundlich	Kf	108	A5	Non-mobile
	Kfoc	9629
	1/n	1.104
	Notes and range	EU dossier Kf range 54.1-263.1 mL/g, Kfoc range 2245-24526 mL/g, 1/n range 1.036-1.149, Soils=4
pH sensitivity		No

Key metabolites:

Metabolite		Formation medium	Estimated maximum occurrence fraction	1107/2009 relevancy
N,N dimethyl carbamosulfonic acid		Soil	0.162	Major fraction, Relevant

ECOTOXICOLOGY
for thiram

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Bio-concentration factor	BCF (l kg-1)	3.9	R4 (whole body)	Low potential
	CT50 (days)	Not available		-
Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1)		> 1800	A5 Rat	Moderate
Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL	(mg kg-1)	1.5	L2 Rat, 2 year	High
	(ppm diet)	-		-
Birds - Acute LD50 (mg kg-1)		> 930	A5 Colinus virginianus	Moderate
Birds - Short term dietary (LC50/LD50)		> 947 mg kg bw-1 day-1	A4 unknown species	-
Fish - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1)		0.171	A5 Oncorhynchus mykiss	Moderate
Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1)		0.012	A5 Oncorhynchus mykiss	Moderate
Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC50 (mg l-1)		0.139	A5 Daphnia magna	Moderate
Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1)		0.008	A5 Daphnia magna	High
Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1)		0.0033	F3 Americamysis bahia	High
Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg-1)		-	-	-
Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC50, biomass (mg l-1)		1.6	F3 Lemna gibba, 7 day	Moderate
Non-target plants		-	-	-
		-	-	-
Algae - Acute 72 hour EC50, growth (mg l-1)		> 0.141	A5 Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata	Moderate
Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l-1)		0.029	A5 Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata	Moderate
Honeybees	Contact acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1)	> 100	A5	Low
	Oral acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1)	> 106.8	A5	Low
	Unknown mode acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1)	-	-	-
Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC50 (mg kg-1)		540	A5	Moderate
Earthworms - Chronic 14 day NOEC, reproduction (mg kg-1)		8.45	A5 Eisenia foetida	Moderate
Other soil macro-organisms - e.g. Collembola	LR50 / EC50 / NOEC / % Effect	-	-	-
Other arthropod (1)	LR50 g ha-1	6000	> A5 Aphidius rhopalosiphi	-
	% Effect	0	Mortality Dose: 3kg product ha-1 A5 Aphidius rhopalosiphi	-
Other arthropod (2)	LR50 g ha-1	511	A5 Typhlodromus pyri	-
	% Effect	29.9	Total effect Dose: 2.4 kg ha-1 x 4 apps, field tests A5 Typhlodromus pyri	-
Soil micro-organisms		Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect	A5 Dose: 24 kg ha-1, 90 days	-
Mesocosm study data	NOEAEC mg l-1	0.01	A5 Aquatic invertebrates and algae	-
	NOEAEC mg l-1	-	-	-

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION
for thiram

General:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)		High (class III)	-	-
Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1)		> 1800	A5 Rat	Moderate
Mammals - Dermal LD50 (mg kg-1 body weight)		> 2000	A5 Rat	-
Mammals - Inhalation LC50 (mg l-1)		3.46	A5 Rat, 4 hr (aerosol)	-
Other Mammal toxicity endpoints		-		-
ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg-1bw day-1)		0.01	A5 Dog, SF=100	-
ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg-1bw day-1)		0.025	A5 Rat, SF=300	-
AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg-1 bw day-1)		0.025	A5 Rat, SF=300	-
AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg-1bw day-1)		0.02	A5 Rat, SF=100	-
Dermal penetration studies (%)		3-13	A5 concentration dependent	-
Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464		-	-	-
Exposure Limits		-	-	-
Exposure Routes	Public	Acceptable for bystanders, residents and consumers
	Occupational	PPE/PPC recommended
European MRLs		Click here for the EU MRL pesticide database
Drinking Water Standards		-	-	-
Drinking Water MAC (μg l-1)		-	-	-

Health issues:

Carcinogen	Mutagen	Endocrine disrupter	Reproduction / development effects	Cholinesterase inhibitor	Neurotoxicant
Respiratory tract irritant	Skin irritant	Skin sensitiser	Eye irritant	Phototoxicant
General human health issues		High doses may cause hyperactivity, ataxia, dyspnea, and convulsions IARC Group 3 carcinogen; USEPA - not likely to be a human carcinogen Possible liver toxicant

: Yes, known to cause a problem
: No, known not to cause a problem
: Possibly, status not identified
- : No data found

Handling issues:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
General		Not explosive or oxidising IMDG Transport Code is usually 9
CLP classification 2013		Health: H302, H315, H317, H319, H332, H373 Environment: H400, H410
EC Risk Classification		Xn - Harmful: R20/22, R43, R48/22 Xi - Irritant: R36/38 N - Dangerous for the environment: R50, R53
EC Safety Classification		S2, S26, S36/37, S60, S61
WHO Classification		II	-	Moderately hazardous
US EPA Classification (formulation)		III	-	Caution - Slightly toxic
UN Number		Variable with product, usually 3077or 3082
Waste disposal & packaging		Packaging Group III (minor danger)

TRANSLATIONS
for thiram

Language	Name
English	thiram
French	thirame
German	Thiram
Danish	thiram
Italian	tiram
Spanish	tiram
Greek	thiram
Slovenian	tiram
Polish	tiram
Swedish	-
Hungarian	thiram
Dutch	thiram

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Record last updated: Monday 29 October 2018
Contact: aeru@herts.ac.uk