Thiram (Ref: ENT 987) |
![]() Last updated: 07/01/2021 |
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(Also known as: thiuram; TMTD; thylate; TMTDS) |
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A multi-use carbamate fungicide which is also used as a mammal repellent. Also pesticide transformation product. | |
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As a fungicide: Seed decay; Seedling blight; Damping-off; Kernal smut; Smuts; Bunts. As a repellent: Rabbits; Deer | |
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Cereals including barley, millet, oats, rye, triticale; Beans and peas; Brassicas; Beet crops; Aubergines; Flax; Onions; Soybean; Sunflowers; Tomatoes; Fruit including apples, pear, cherry, strawberry | |
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Shown to be efficatious via field trials and long term use across the EU | |
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Current | |
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circa 1945 |
UK regulatory status |
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Not approved | ||
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Expired | ||
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None (may vary with mixtures) |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Not approved | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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France/Belgium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Expired | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not applicable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Also used in |
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Chemical structure |
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None | |
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C₆H₁₂N₂S₄ | |
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CN(C)C(=S)SSC(=S)N(C)C | |
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No data | |
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KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C6H12N2S4/c1-7(2)5(9)11-12-6(10)8(3)4/h1-4H3 | |
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Yes |
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Common Name | Relationship | Link |
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thiram | - | ![]() |
General status |
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Fungicide, Repellent, Metabolite | |
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Soil, Water, Animal | |
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Carbamate | |
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980 g kg⁻¹ | |
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EU dossier - None declared | |
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Synthetic | |
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Contact action with protective properties, acts by inhibiting spore germination and mycelial growth. Repellent properties caused by aversion to its taste. Multi-site activity. | |
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137-26-8 | |
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205-286-2 | |
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24 | |
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079801 | |
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5455 | |
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240.43 | |
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N1,N1,N3,N3-tetramethyl-2-dithioperoxy-1,3-dithiodicarbonic diamide | |
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tetramethylthiuram disulfide | |
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tetramethylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide | |
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Chemical subject to PIC regulations (some formulations) | |
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- | |
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Not applicable | |
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Not applicable | |
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Not applicable | |
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M3 | |
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- | |
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White to yellow crystalline powder | |
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Can be a metabolite of: |
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ziram | Soil | 0.494 | Major fraction, Relvant |
Formulations |
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Often supplied as a flowable concentrate for use as a seed treatment or as a liquid concentrate for painting on to trees and as wettable granules for general use |
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18.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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8530 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Ethyl acetate5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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21000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Acetone5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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93 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Hexane5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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8300 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Xylene5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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145 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Decomposes before boiling | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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165 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Not expected to self ignite; Not highly flammable | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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6.92 X 1001 | Calculated | - | |||||||
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1.84 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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1.36 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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8.19 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Weak acid | |||||||||||
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2.0 X 10-02 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low volatility | ||||||||
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1.39 X 10-04 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-volatile | ||||||||
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pH 6.9: 216nm = 19800, 248nm = 13920, 273nm = 12920 pH 1.2: 217nm = 19910, 246nm = 14240, 272nm = 13080 pH 10: 219nm = 21770, 250nm = 15660, 277nm = 14310 |
A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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71.5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) at 20°C 99.1% w/w5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Degradation |
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4.89 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | |||||||
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4.89 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
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15 | G4 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET (click here ) 4 = Verified data |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
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17.7 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
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EU RAR 2016: lab studies DT₅₀ range 2.2 - 20.4 days, DT₉₀ range, 9.05 - 79.89 days, Soils=4; Other studies: lab studies DT₅₀ range 2-101 days (R4), field studies DT₅₀ ~15 days | ||||||||||
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6.4 | R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Blueberry fruit, n=1 | ||||||||||
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6.6 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
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Published literature RL₅₀ range 1.7-11.3 days, field & lab literature, 4 crops, various matrices, n=5 | ||||||||||
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0.4 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Fast | |||||||
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Data for pH 5, 25 °C | ||||||||||
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3.5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | |||||||
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pH sensitive: DT₅₀ 68.5 days at pH 5, 6.9 hours at pH 9, all at 25 °C | ||||||||||
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1.6 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Fast | ||||||||
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1.6 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderately fast |
Soil adsorption and mobility |
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108 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-mobile | |||||||
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9629 | ||||||||||
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1.104 | ||||||||||
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EU dossier Kf range 54.1-263.1 mL g⁻¹, Kfoc range 2245-24526 mL g⁻¹, 1/n range 1.036-1.149, Soils=4 | ||||||||||
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No |
Fate indices |
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0.02 | Calculated | Low leachability | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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5.24 X 10-03 | Calculated | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Medium | Calculated | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Non-mobile | Calculated | - |
Key metabolites |
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Soil | 0.162 | Major fraction, Relevant |
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3.9 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications (whole body)4 = Verified data |
Low potential | |||||||
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Not available | - | |||||||||
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> 1800 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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1.5 | L2 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Rat 2 year2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
High | |||||||
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9 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat Reproductive NOAEL5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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> 930 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Colinus virginianus5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 947 mg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹ | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) unknown species4 = Verified data |
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37.5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Colinus virginianus NOEC5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.171 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Oncorhynchus mykiss5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.012 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Oncorhynchus mykiss5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.139 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.008 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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0.0033 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Americamysis bahia3 = Unverified data of known source |
High | ||||||||
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1.6 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Lemna gibba 7 day3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 0.141 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.029 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 100 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | |||||||
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> 106.8 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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540 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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8.45 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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29.3 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Folsomia candida5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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6000 | > A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Aphidius rhopalosiphi5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0 | Mortality [Dose: 3kg product ha⁻¹] A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Aphidius rhopalosiphi5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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511 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Typhlodromus pyri5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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29.9 | Total effect [Dose: 2.4 kg ha⁻¹ x 4 apps, field tests] A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Typhlodromus pyri5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect |
A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes Dose: 24 kg ha⁻¹ 90 days |
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0.01 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Aquatic invertebrates and algae5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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General |
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High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
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> 1800 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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2000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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3.46 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat 4 hr (aerosol)5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.01 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Dog SF=1005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.025 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat SF=3005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.025 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat SF=3005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.02 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat SF=1005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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3-13 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) concentration dependent5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Acceptable for bystanders, residents and consumers | |||||||||
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PPE/PPC recommended | ||||||||||
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Health issues |
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High doses may cause hyperactivity, ataxia, dyspnea, and convulsions IARC Group 3 carcinogen; USEPA - not likely to be a human carcinogen Possible liver toxicant |
Handling issues |
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Not explosive or oxidising IMDG Transport Code is usually 9 |
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Health: H302, H315, H317, H319, H332, H373 Environment: H400, H410 |
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Xn - Harmful: R20/22, R43, R48/22 Xi - Irritant: R36/38 N - Dangerous for the environment: R50, R53 |
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S2, S26, S36/37, S60, S61 | |||
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II (Moderately hazardous) | |||
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Variable with product, usually 3077or 3082 | |||
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Packaging Group III (minor danger) |
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thiram | ||
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thirame | ||
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Thiram | ||
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thiram | ||
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tiram | ||
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tiram | ||
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thiram | ||
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tiram | ||
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thiram | ||
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thiram |
Record last updated: | 07/01/2021 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |