| thiram (Ref: ENT 987) |
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GENERAL INFORMATION 
for thiram
Description: A multi-use carbamate fungicide which is also used as a mammal repellent. Also pesticide transformation product.
Example pests controlled: As a fungicide: Seed decay; Seedling blight; Damping-off; Kernal smut; Smuts; Bunts. As a repellent: Rabbits; Deer
Example applications: Cereals including barley, millet, oats, rye, triticale; Beans and peas; Brassicas; Beet crops; Aubergines; Flax; Onions; Soybean; Sunflowers; Tomatoes
Availability status: Current
Introduction & key dates: circa 1945
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414):
| Status | Approved |
| Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur | Belgium |
| Date inclusion expires | 30/04/2017 |
Approved for use (
) or known to be used (
) in the following European countries: 
AT |
BE |
BG |
CY |
CZ |
DE |
DK |
EE |
EL |
ES |
FI |
FR |
HR |
HU |
IE |
IT |
LT |
LU |
LV |
MT |
NL |
PL |
PT |
RO |
SE |
SI |
SK |
UK |
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Also used in: Australia, USA
General status:
| Pesticide type | Fungicide, Repellent, Metabolite | |
| Metabolite Type | Soil, Water, Animal | |
| Substance group | Carbamate | |
| Minimum active substance purity | 960 g/kg | |
| Known relevant impurities | EU dossier - None declared | |
| Substance origin | Synthetic | |
| Mode of action | Contact action with protective properties, acts by inhibiting spore germination and mycelial growth. Repellent properties caused by aversion to its taste. Multi-site activity. | |
| CAS RN | 137-26-8 | |
| EC number | 205-286-2 | |
| CIPAC number | 24 | |
| US EPA chemical code | 079801 | |
| Chiral molecule | No | |
| Chemical formula | C6H12N2S4 | |
| SMILES | S=C(SSC(=S)N(C)C)N(C)C | |
| International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey) | KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| International Chemical Identifier (InChI) | InChI=1S/C6H12N2S4/c1-7(2)5(9)11-12-6(10)8(3)4/h1-4H3 | |
| Structure diagram/image available? | Yes | |
| Molecular mass (g mol-1) | 240.43 | |
| PIN (Preferred Identification Name) | N1,N1,N3,N3-tetramethyl-2-dithioperoxy-1,3-dithiodicarbonic diamide | |
| IUPAC name | tetramethylthiuram disulfide | |
| CAS name | tetramethylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide | |
| Other status information | Chemical subject to PIC regulations (some formulations) | |
| Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC) | Not applicable | |
| Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA) | Not applicable | |
| Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC) | Not applicable | |
| Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC) | M3 | |
| Examples of recorded resistance | - | |
| Physical state | White to yellow crystalline powder | |
| Related substances & organisms | ||
Can be a metabolite of:
| Parent | Formation medium | Estimated maximum occurrence fraction | 91/414 relevancy |
|
| ziram | Soil | 0.400 | Major fraction, Relvant | |
Formulations:
| Property |
Value | |||
| Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically |
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| Example products using this active |
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| UK LERAP status | None (may vary with mixtures) | |||
| Formulation and application details | Often supplied as a flowable concentrate for use as a seed treatment or as a liquid concentrate for painting on to trees. | |||
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Solubility - In water at 20oC (mg l-1) | 16.5 | A5 | Low | |
| Solubility - In organic solvents at 20oC (mg l-1) | 13000 | A5 - Ethyl acetate | - | |
| 69700 | A5 - Acetone | - | ||
| 93 | A5 - Hexane | - | ||
| 8300 | A5 - Xylene | - | ||
| Melting point (oC) | 145 | A5 | - | |
| Boiling point (oC) | Decomposes before boiling | A5 | - | |
| Degradation point (oC) | - | - | - | |
| Flashpoint (oC) | Not expected to self ignite; Not highly flammable | A5 | - | |
| Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20oC | P | 5.37 X 1001 | Calculated | - |
| Log P | 1.73 | A5 | Low | |
| Bulk density (g ml-1)/Specific gravity | 1.36 | A5 | - | |
| Dissociation constant (pKa) at 25oC | 8.19 | A5 - | - | |
| Note: Weak acid | ||||
| Vapour pressure at 25oC (mPa) | 2.3 | A5 | Volatile | |
| Henry's law constant at 25oC (Pa m3 mol-1) | 3.30 X 10-02 | A5 | Non-volatile | |
| Henry's law constant at 20oC (dimensionless) | 3.30 X 10-07 | K3 | Moderately volatile | |
GUS leaching potential index  |
0.01 | Calculated | Low leachability | |
| SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l-1) for a 1 kg ha-1 or 1 l ha-1 application rate |
Value | 2.69 X 10-03 | Calculated | - |
| Note | - | |||
| Potential for particle bound transport index |
- | Calculated | Medium | |
| Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol-1 cm-1 | Neutral solution: 214nm = 21884, 278nm = 11342 | A5 | - | |
| Surface tension (mN m-1) | - | - | - | |
Degradation:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Soil degradation (days) (aerobic) | DT50 (typical) | 15.2 | G4 | Non-persistent |
| DT50 (lab at 20oC) | 4.6 | A5 | Non-persistent | |
| DT50 (field) | 15 | G4 | Non-persistent | |
| DT90 (lab at 20oC) | 15.3 | A5 | - | |
| DT90 (field) | - | - | - | |
| Note | Other studies: lab studies DT50 ~2days, field studies DT50 range 14-65 days (R3) | |||
| Plant matrix DT50 (days) | Value | 6.6 | R4 | - |
| Note | DT50 range 1.5 - 11.3 days, 5 crops/plants, various matrices | |||
| Aqueous photolysis DT50 (days) at pH 7 | Value | 0.4 | A5 | Fast |
| Note | Data for pH 5, 25 degC | |||
| Aqueous hydrolysis DT50 (days) at 20oC and pH 7 | Value | 3.5 | A5 | Non-persistent |
| Note | pH sensitive: DT50 68.5 days at pH 5, 6.9 hours at pH 9, all at 25 degC | |||
| Water-sediment DT50 (days) | 1.6 | A5 | Fast | |
| Water phase only DT50 (days) | 1.6 | A5 | Moderately fast | |
Soil adsorption and mobility:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Linear | Kd | - | - | - |
| Koc | - | |||
| Notes and range | - | |||
| Freundlich | Kf | 108 | A5 | Non-mobile |
| Kfoc | 9629 | |||
| 1/n | 1.104 | |||
| Notes and range | EU dossier Kf range 54.1-263.1 mL/g, Kfoc range 2245-24526 mL/g, 1/n range 1.036-1.149, Soils=4 | |||
| pH sensitivity | No | |||
Key metabolites:
| Metabolite | Formation medium | Estimated maximum occurrence fraction | 91/414 relevancy |
|
| N,N dimethyl carbamosulfonic acid |
Soil | 0.102 | Major fraction, Relevant | |
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Bio-concentration factor | BCF (l kg-1) | 3.9 | R4 (whole body) | Low potential |
| CT50 (days) | Not available | - | ||
| Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1) | > 1800 | A5 Rat | Moderate | |
| Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL | (mg kg-1) | 1.5 | L2 Rat, 2 year | High |
| (ppm diet) | - | - | ||
| Birds - Acute LD50 (mg kg-1) | > 2000 | A5 Anas platyrhynchos | Low | |
| Birds - Short term dietary (LC50/LD50) | > 947 mg kg bw-1 day-1 | A4 unknown species | - | |
| Fish - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | 0.046 | A5 Oncorhynchus mykiss | High | |
| Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1) | 0.012 | A5 Oncorhynchus mykiss | Moderate | |
| Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC50 (mg l-1) | 0.011 | A5 Daphnia magna | High | |
| Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1) | 0.008 | A5 Daphnia magna | High | |
| Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | 0.0033 | F3 Americamysis bahia | High | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg-1) | - | - | - | |
| Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC50, biomass (mg l-1) | 1.6 | F3 Lemna gibba, 7 day | Moderate | |
| Non-target plants | - | - | - | |
| - | - | - | ||
| Algae - Acute 72 hour EC50, growth (mg l-1) | 0.065 | A5 Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata | Moderate | |
| Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Honeybees | Contact acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1) | > 100 | A5 | Low |
| Oral acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1) | > 100 | A5 | Low | |
| Unknown mode acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1) | - | - | - | |
| Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC50 (mg kg-1) | 540 | A5 | Moderate | |
| Earthworms - Chronic 14 day NOEC, reproduction (mg kg-1) | - | - | - | |
| Other soil macro-organisms - e.g. Collembola | LR50 / EC50 / NOEC / % Effect | - | - | - |
| Other arthropod (1) | LR50 g ha-1 | Harmless | Dose: 3200 g ha-1 AA2 Aphidius rhopalosiphi |
- |
| % Effect | 0 | Mortality Dose: 3kg product ha-1 A5 Aphidius rhopalosiphi |
- | |
| Other arthropod (2) | LR50 g ha-1 | Harmful | Dose: 960 g ha-1 AA3 Typhlodromus pyri |
- |
| % Effect | 29.9 | Total effect Dose: 2.4 kg ha-1 x 4 apps, field tests A5 Typhlodromus pyri |
- | |
| Soil micro-organisms | Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect |
A5 Dose: 24 kg ha-1, 90 days |
- | |
| Mesocosm study data | NOEAEC mg l-1 | 0.01 | A5 Aquatic invertebrates and algae | - |
| NOEAEC mg l-1 | - | - | - | |
HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION
for thiram
General:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class) |
High (class III) | - | - | |
| Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1) | > 1800 | A5 Rat | Moderate | |
| Mammals - Dermal LD50 (mg kg-1 body weight) | > 2000 | A5 Rat | - | |
| Mammals - Inhalation LC50 (mg l-1) | 3.46 | A5 Rat | - | |
| Other Mammal toxicity endpoints | - | - | ||
| ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg-1bw day-1) | 0.01 | A5 Dog, SF=100 | - | |
| ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg-1bw day-1) | 0.6 | A5 Rat, SF=100 | - | |
| AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg-1bw day-1) | 0.02 | A5 Dog, SF=100 | - | |
| Dermal penetration studies (%) | 10 | A5 | - | |
| Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464 | - | - | - | |
| Exposure Limits | - | - | - | |
| Exposure Routes | Public | - | ||
| Occupational | - | |||
| European MRLs | Click here for the EU MRL pesticide database | |||
| Drinking Water MAC (μg l-1) | - | - | - | |
Health issues:
| Carcinogen | Mutagen | Endocrine disrupter | Reproduction / development effects | Cholinesterase inhibitor | Neurotoxicant | |||
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| Respiratory tract irritant | Skin irritant | Skin sensitiser | Eye irritant | Phototoxicant | ||||
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| General human health issues | High doses may cause hyperactivity, ataxia, dyspnea, and convulsions IARC Group 3 carcinogen |
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: Yes, known to cause a problem
: No, known not to cause a problem
: Possibly, status not identified
- : No data found
Handling issues:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| General |
Not explosive IMDG Transport Code is usually 9 |
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| CLP classification 2013 | Health: H302, H315, H317, H319, H332, H373 Environment: H400, H410 |
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| EC Risk Classification |
Xn - Harmful: R20/22, R43, R48/22 Xi - Irritant: R36/38 N - Dangerous for the environment: R50, R53 |
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| EC Safety Classification |
S2, S26, S36/37, S60, S61 | |||
| WHO Classification | II | - | Moderately hazardous | |
| US EPA Classification (formulation) | III | - | Caution - Slightly toxic | |
| UN Number | Variable with product, usually 3077or 3082 | |||
| Waste disposal & packaging |
Packaging Group III (minor danger) | |||
| Language | Name |
| English | thiram |
| French | thirame |
| German | Thiram |
| Danish | thiram |
| Italian | tiram |
| Spanish | tiram |
| Greek | thiram |
| Slovenian | tiram |
| Polish | tiram |
| Swedish | - |
| Hungarian | thiram |
| Dutch | thiram |
Record last updated: Tuesday 16 August 2016
Contact: aeru@herts.ac.uk