Ziram |
![]() Last updated: 12/01/2021 |
![]() |
(Also known as: zirame; carbazinc; methyl zimate; zirthane; DADZ) |
SUMMARY |
Ziram is a fungicide that currently has approval for use in the EU. It has a low aqueous solubility, is quite volatile and has a plow potential for leaching to groundwater. It is not generally persistent in soil or water systems. Ziram is moderately toxic to mammals and is also considered to be mutagenic and a recognised irritant. It is highly toxic to birds, fish and aquatic invertebrates and moderately toxic to algae, honeybees and earthworms. |
|
![]() |
|
A broad spectrum fungicide to control common fungal diseases. Also used as a bird and animal repellent. | |
---|---|---|
|
Anthracnose; Scab; Bitter rot; Black spot; Downey mildew; Leaf blight; Peach leaf curl; Powdery mildew; Storage rot | |
|
Almonds; Pecans; Cherries; Apples; Pears; Plums; Peaches; Grapes; Tomatoes; Blueberries; Nectarines | |
|
Tested in field development trials which demonstrated efficacious activity. | |
|
Current | |
|
1960, USA |
UK regulatory status |
|
Not approved | ||
---|---|---|---|
|
Not applicable | ||
|
Not applicable |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
|
Approved | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Italy/Malta | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
30/04/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Yes - two 'Persistent-Bioaccumulative-Toxic' criteria | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
Also used in |
|
Australia |
---|
Chemical structure |
|
None | |
---|---|---|
|
C₆H₁₂N₂S₄Zn | |
|
CN(C)C(=S)[S-].CN(C)C(=S)[S-].[Zn+2] | |
|
No data | |
|
FNLPVVKNKZFOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
|
InChI=1S/2C3H7NS2.Zn/c2*1-4(2)3(5)6;/h2*1-2H3,(H,5,6);/q;;+2/p-2 | |
|
Yes |
General status |
|
Fungicide, Repellent | |
---|---|---|
|
Carbamate | |
|
950 g kg⁻¹ | |
|
EU dossier - arsenic 250mg kg⁻¹ | |
|
Synthetic | |
|
Contact action with protective properties. Multi-site activity. | |
|
137-30-4 | |
|
205-288-3 | |
|
31 | |
|
034805 | |
|
8722 | |
|
305.84 | |
|
zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) | |
|
zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) | |
|
(T-4)-bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-kS,kS')zinc | |
|
- | |
|
- | |
|
Not applicable | |
|
Not applicable | |
|
Not applicable | |
|
M3 | |
|
- | |
|
White powder |
Formulations |
|
|
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Available in a range of formulations including wettable powders, water dispersible granules and liquids. |
|
![]() |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
0.967 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
|
1010 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Ethyl acetate5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
2300 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Acetone5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
110 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Methanol5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
900 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Xylene5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
|
251 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
Not expected to self ignite; Not highly flammable | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
|
4.47 X 1001 | Calculated | - | |||||||
|
1.65 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
|
1.71 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
- | |||||||||||
|
1.8 X 10-02 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low volatility | ||||||||
|
2.3 X 10-06 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-volatile | ||||||||
|
Neutral solution: 251nm = 39989, 270nm = 31586 Acidic solution: Maxima below UV cut-off point Basic solution: 251nm = 52739 |
A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
73.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) at 16 °C5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- |
Degradation |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
- | ||||||||||
|
|
1.62 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | |||||||
|
1.62 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
|
6.3 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
|
2.8 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
EU 2018 dossier lab studies DT₅₀ range 0.5-5.2 days, DT₉₀ range 2.1-18.3 days, Soils=5; Other sources: DT₅₀ 30 days (DW4) | ||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
|
9.9 | R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 3 = Unverified data of known source |
- | |||||||
|
Apricot fruit, n=1 | ||||||||||
|
|
0.3 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Fast | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
|
0.7 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | |||||||
|
pH sensitive: DT₅₀ 10.4 minutes at pH 4, 6.3 days at pH 9, all at 25 °C | ||||||||||
|
0.25 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Fast | ||||||||
|
0.25 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Fast |
Soil adsorption and mobility |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
61.1 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-mobile | |||||||
|
4570 | ||||||||||
|
EU 2018 dossier Kd range 7.1-108.7 mL g⁻¹, Koc range 1093-10865 mL g⁻¹, Soils=5 | ||||||||||
|
|
109.5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-mobile | |||||||
|
8189 | ||||||||||
|
1.1 | ||||||||||
|
EU 2018 dossier Kf range 5.1-577 mL g⁻¹, Kfoc range 775-34779 mL g⁻¹, 1/n range 0.86-1.34, Soils=5 | ||||||||||
|
No |
Fate indices |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
0.07 | Calculated | Low leachability | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
5.19 X 10-03 | Calculated | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Medium | Calculated | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Non-mobile | Calculated | - |
Key metabolites |
|
|
|
|
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Soil | 0.494 | Major fraction, Relvant | |||||
|
Soil | 0.105 | Major fraction, Relvant |
Other known metabolites |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N,N-dimethylthioformamide | - | Water (Photolysis) | - | - | |||||
dithiocarbamic acid | - | Animal | - | - | |||||
1,1-dimethylurea | - | Soil (Aerobic) | - | - | |||||
Dimethyldithiocarbamic acid | DDC | Water | 0.750 | - | |||||
N,N-dimethylformamide | - | Water (Photolysis) | - | - |
|
![]() |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
470 | J4 J = Pesticide Action Network database (click here ) 4 = Verified data |
Threshold for concern | |||||||
|
Not available | - | |||||||||
|
267 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | |||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
97 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Colinus virginianus5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
|
> 5200 mg kg feed⁻¹ | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Anas platyrhynchos5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
0.355 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Oncorhynchus mykiss5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
0.189 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Lepomis macrochirus5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
0.172 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
0.01 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
0.140 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) ,i>Americamysis bahia5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
0.242 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Chironomus riparius emergence5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
- | - | - | |||||||||
|
0.094 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
> 100 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera,/i>5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | |||||||
|
> 105 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera,/i>5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
- | |||||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
- | |||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
140 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
13.3 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - |
|
0.2 | Reproduction [Dose: 6.08 kg ha⁻¹] A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Aphidius rhopalosiphi adult5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||
|
|
- | - | - |
|
45.8 | Total effect [Dose: 2.28 kg ha⁻¹ x 4apps Field test] A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Typhlodromus pyri5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||
|
Nitrogen mineralisation: NOEC 40 kg WG 76% /ha Carbon mineralisation: NOEC 40 kg WG 76% /ha |
- | - | ||||||||
|
|
0.01 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Aquatic arthropods and algae as the thiram metabolite5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- |
|
- | - | - |
|
![]() |
General |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
|
267 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
2000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
0.06 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat (whole body)5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
0.006 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat SF=1005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
0.08 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat SF=1005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
0.015 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat SF=2005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
0.2-5.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) concentration dependent5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
List II | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
Low risk to bystanders | |||||||||
|
Acceptable risks for operators and other workers | ||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - |
Health issues |
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
IARC Group 3 carcinogen; USEPA - some evidence to suggest possible human carcinogen Inhibits alcohol metabolism and may be goitrogenic Mutagenic Thyroid, liver & adrenal toxicant |
Handling issues |
|
|
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
Not explosive but may form explosive dust-air mixtures No oxidising properties IMDG Transport Code is usually 6.1 |
|||
|
Health: H302, H317, H318, H330, H335, H373 Environment: H400, H410 |
|||
|
T+ - Very toxic: R26 Xn - Harmful: R22, R41, R43, R48/22 Xi - Irritant: R37 N - Dangerous for the environment: R50, R53 |
|||
|
S1/2, S22, S26, S28, S36/37/39, S45, S60, S61 | |||
|
II (Moderately hazardous) | |||
|
Usually 2811 | |||
|
Packaging Group II (medium danger) |
|
![]() |
|
|
||
---|---|---|---|
|
ziram | ||
|
zirame | ||
|
Ziram | ||
|
ziram | ||
|
ziram | ||
|
ziram | ||
|
ziram | ||
|
ziram | ||
|
ziram | ||
|
ziram | ||
|
ziram |
Record last updated: | 12/01/2021 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |