| ziram |
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SUMMARY
Ziram is a fungicide that currently has approval for use in the EU. It has a low aqueous solubility, is quite volatile and has a plow potential for leaching to groundwater. It is not generally persistent in soil or water systems. Ziram is moderately toxic to mammals and is also considered to be mutagenic and a recognised irritant. It is highly toxic to birds, fish and aquatic invertebrates and moderately toxic to algae, honeybees and earthworms. GENERAL INFORMATION 
for ziram
Description: A broad spectrum fungicide to control common fungal diseases. Also used as a bird and animal repellent.
Example pests controlled: Anthracnose; Scab; Bitter rot; Black spot; Downey mildew; Leaf blight; Peach leaf curl; Powdery mildew; Storage rot
Example applications: Almonds; Pecans; Cherries; Apples; Pears; Peaches; Grapes; Tomatoes; Blueberries; Nectarines
Efficacy & activity: -
Availability status: Current
Introduction & key dates: 1960, USA
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414):
| Status | Approved |
| Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur | Italy/Malta |
| Date inclusion expires | 30/04/2018 |
| EU Candidate for substitution (CfS) | Yes - two 'Persistent-Bioaccumulative-Toxic' criteria |
Approved for use (
) or known to be used (
) in the following European countries: 
AT |
BE |
BG |
CY |
CZ |
DE |
DK |
EE |
EL |
ES |
FI |
FR |
HR |
HU |
IE |
IT |
LT |
LU |
LV |
MT |
NL |
PL |
PT |
RO |
SE |
SI |
SK |
UK |
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Also used in: Australia
General status:
| Pesticide type | Fungicide, Repellent | |||
| Substance group | Carbamate | |||
| Minimum active substance purity | 950 g/kg | |||
| Known relevant impurities | EU dossier - arsenic 250mg/kg | |||
| Substance origin | Synthetic | |||
| Mode of action | Contact action with protective properties. Multi-site activity. | |||
| CAS RN | 137-30-4 | |||
| EC number | 205-288-3 | |||
| CIPAC number | 31 | |||
| US EPA chemical code | 034805 | |||
| Isomerism | - | |||
| Chemical formula | C6H12N2S4Zn | |||
| SMILES | [Zn+2].S=C([S-])N(C)C.[S-]C(=S)N(C)C | |||
| International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey) | FNLPVVKNKZFOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |||
| International Chemical Identifier (InChI) | InChI=1S/2C3H7NS2.Zn/c2*1-4(2)3(5)6;/h2*1-2H3,(H,5,6);/q;;+2/p-2 | |||
| Structure diagram/image available? | Yes | |||
| Molecular mass (g mol-1) | 305.84 | |||
| PIN (Preferred Identification Name) | zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) | |||
| IUPAC name | zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) | |||
| CAS name | (T-4)-bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-kS,kS')zinc | |||
| Other status information | - | |||
| Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC) | Not applicable | |||
| Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA) | Not applicable | |||
| Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC) | Not applicable | |||
| Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC) | M3 | |||
| Examples of recorded resistance | - | |||
| Physical state | White powder | |||
| Related substances & organisms | - | |||
Formulations:
| Property |
Value | |||
| Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically |
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| Example products using this active |
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| UK LERAP status | None | |||
| Formulation and application details | Available in a range of formulations including wettable powders, water dispersible granules and liquids. | |||
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Solubility - In water at 20oC (mg l-1) | 0.967 | A5 | Low | |
| Solubility - In organic solvents at 20oC (mg l-1) | 1010 | A5 - Ethyl acetate | - | |
| 2300 | A5 - Acetone | - | ||
| 110 | A5 - Methanol | - | ||
| 900 | A5 - Xylene | - | ||
| Melting point (oC) | 251 | A5 | - | |
| Boiling point (oC) | - | - | - | |
| Degradation point (oC) | - | - | - | |
| Flashpoint (oC) | Not expected to self ignite; Not highly flammable | A5 | - | |
| Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20oC | P | 4.47 X 1001 | Calculated | - |
| Log P | 1.65 | A5 | Low | |
| Bulk density (g ml-1)/Specific gravity | 1.71 | A5 | - | |
| Dissociation constant (pKa) at 25oC | - | - | - | |
| Note: | ||||
| Vapour pressure at 25oC (mPa) | 1.8 X 10-02 | A5 | Low volatility | |
| Henry's law constant at 25oC (Pa m3 mol-1) | 5.7 X 10-03 | A5 | Non-volatile | |
GUS leaching potential index  |
-0.68 | Calculated | Low leachability | |
| SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l-1) for a 1 kg ha-1 or 1 l ha-1 application rate |
Value | 1.98 X 10-07 | Calculated | - |
| Note | - | |||
| Potential for particle bound transport index |
- | Calculated | Medium | |
| Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol-1 cm-1 | Neutral solution: 251nm - 39989, 270nm = 31586; [Acidic solution: Maxima below UV cut-off point; [Basic solution: 251nm = 52739 | A5 | - | |
| Surface tension (mN m-1) | - | - | - | |
Degradation:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
General biodegradability | - |
| Soil degradation (days) (aerobic) | DT50 (typical) | 30 | G4 | Moderately persistent |
| DT50 (lab at 20oC) | 0.05 | A5 | Non-persistent | |
| DT50 (field) | 6.3 | A5 | Non-persistent | |
| DT90 (lab at 20oC) | 2.8 | A5 | - | |
| DT90 (field) | - | - | - | |
| DT50 modelling endpoint | - | - | - | |
| Note | EU dossier gives limited data; Other sources: DT50 30 days (DW4) | |||
| Dissipation rate RL50 on plant matrix | Value | - | - | - |
| Note | - | |||
| Dissipation rate RL50 on and in plant matrix | Value | 9.9 | R3 | - |
| Note | Apricot fruit, n=1 | |||
| Aqueous photolysis DT50 (days) at pH 7 | Value | 0.3 | A5 | Fast |
| Note | - | |||
| Aqueous hydrolysis DT50 (days) at 20oC and pH 7 | Value | 0.7 | A5 | Non-persistent |
| Note | pH sensitive: DT50 10.4 minutes at pH 4, 6.3 days at pH 9, all at 25 degC | |||
| Water-sediment DT50 (days) | 0.25 | A5 | Fast | |
| Water phase only DT50 (days) | 0.25 | A5 | Fast | |
Soil adsorption and mobility:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Linear | Kd | - | - | - |
| Koc | - | |||
| Notes and range | - | |||
| Freundlich | Kf | 21.6 | A5 | Slightly mobile |
| Kfoc | 3007 | |||
| 1/n | 0.708 | |||
| Notes and range | EU dossier Kf range 2.9-68.1 mL/g, Kfoc range 314-12010 mL/g, 1/n range 0.343-0.948, Soils=8 | |||
| pH sensitivity | No | |||
Key metabolites:
| Metabolite | Formation medium | Estimated maximum occurrence fraction | 1107/2009 relevancy |
|
| thiram (Ref: ENT 987) |
Soil | 0.400 | Major fraction, Relvant | |
Other known metabolites:
| Metabolite name and reference | Aliases | Formation medium / Rate | Estimated maximum occurrence fraction | Metabolising enzymes |
| N,N-dimethylthioformamide | - | Water (Photolysis) | - | - |
| dithiocarbamic acid | - | Animal | - | - |
| 1,1-dimethylurea | - | Soil (Aerobic) | - | - |
| Dimethyldithiocarbamic acid | DDC | Water | 0.750 | - |
| N,N-dimethylformamide | - | Water (Photolysis) | - | - |
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Bio-concentration factor | BCF (l kg-1) | 470 | J4 | Threshold for concern |
| CT50 (days) | Not available | - | ||
| Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1) | 267 | A5 Rat | Moderate | |
| Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL | (mg kg-1) | - | - | - |
| (ppm diet) | - | - | ||
| Birds - Acute LD50 (mg kg-1) | 97 | A5 Colinus virginianus | High | |
| Birds - Short term dietary (LC50/LD50) | > 5200 mg kg feed-1 | A5 Anas platyrhynchos | - | |
| Fish - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | 0.00097 | A5 Lepomis macrochirus | High | |
| Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1) | 0.189 | A5 Lepomis macrochirus | Moderate | |
| Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC50 (mg l-1) | 0.048 | A5 Daphnia magna | High | |
| Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1) | 0.01 | A5 Daphnia magna | Moderate | |
| Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l-1) | 0.242 | A5 Chironomus riparius, emergence | Moderate | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg-1) | - | - | - | |
| Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC50, biomass (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Non-target plants | - | - | - | |
| - | - | - | ||
| Algae - Acute 72 hour EC50, growth (mg l-1) | 0.066 | A5 Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata | Moderate | |
| Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Honeybees | Contact acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1) | > 100 | A5 | Low |
| Oral acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1) | - | - | - | |
| Unknown mode acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1) | - | - | - | |
| Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC50 (mg kg-1) | 140 | A5 | Moderate | |
| Earthworms - Chronic 14 day NOEC, reproduction (mg kg-1) | - | - | - | |
| Other soil macro-organisms - e.g. Collembola | LR50 / EC50 / NOEC / % Effect | - | - | - |
| Other arthropod (1) | LR50 g ha-1 | - | - | - |
| % Effect | 0.2 | Reproduction Dose: 6.08 kg ha-1 A5 Aphidius rhopalosiphi, adult |
- | |
| Other arthropod (2) | LR50 g ha-1 | - | - | - |
| % Effect | 45.8 | Total effect Dose: 2.28 kg ha-1 x 4apps Field test A5 Typhlodromus pyri |
- | |
| Soil micro-organisms | Nitrogen mineralisation: NOEC 40 kg WG 76% /ha Carbon mineralisation: NOEC 40 kg WG 76% /ha |
- | - | |
| Mesocosm study data | NOEAEC mg l-1 | 0.01 | A5 Aquatic arthropods and algae as the thiram metabolite | - |
| NOEAEC mg l-1 | - | - | - | |
HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION
for ziram
General:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class) |
High (class III) | - | - | |
| Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1) | 267 | A5 Rat | Moderate | |
| Mammals - Dermal LD50 (mg kg-1 body weight) | > 2000 | A5 Rat | - | |
| Mammals - Inhalation LC50 (mg l-1) | 0.06 | A5 Rat | - | |
| Other Mammal toxicity endpoints | - | - | ||
| ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg-1bw day-1) | 0.006 | A5 Rat, SF=100 | - | |
| ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg-1bw day-1) | 0.08 | A5 Rat, SF=100 | - | |
| AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg-1bw day-1) | 0.015 | A5 Rat, SF=200 | - | |
| Dermal penetration studies (%) | 5.0-30.0 | A5 concentration dependent | - | |
| Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464 | List II | - | - | |
| Exposure Limits | - | - | - | |
| Exposure Routes | Public | Low risk to bystanders | ||
| Occupational | Acceptable risks for operators and other workers | |||
| European MRLs | Click here for the EU MRL pesticide database | |||
| Drinking Water MAC (μg l-1) | - | - | - | |
Health issues:
| Carcinogen | Mutagen | Endocrine disrupter | Reproduction / development effects | Cholinesterase inhibitor | Neurotoxicant | |||
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| Respiratory tract irritant | Skin irritant | Skin sensitiser | Eye irritant | Phototoxicant | ||||
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| General human health issues | IARC Group 3 carcinogen; USEPA - some evidence to suggest possible human carcinogen Inhibits alcohol metabolism and may be goitrogenic Mutagenic Thyroid toxicant |
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: Yes, known to cause a problem
: No, known not to cause a problem
: Possibly, status not identified
- : No data found
Handling issues:
| Property |
Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information |
Interpretation |
|
| General |
Not explosive but may form explosive dust-air mixtures IMDG Transport Code is usually 6.1 |
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| CLP classification 2013 | Health: H302, H317, H318, H330, H335, H373 Environment: H400, H410 |
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| EC Risk Classification |
T+ - Very toxic: R26 Xn - Harmful: R22, R41, R43, R48/22 Xi - Irritant: R37 N - Dangerous for the environment: R50, R53 |
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| EC Safety Classification |
S1/2, S22, S26, S28, S36/37/39, S45, S60, S61 | |||
| WHO Classification | II | - | Moderately hazardous | |
| US EPA Classification (formulation) | III | - | Caution - Slightly toxic | |
| UN Number | Usually 2811 | |||
| Waste disposal & packaging |
Packaging Group II (medium danger) | |||
| Language | Name |
| English | ziram |
| French | zirame |
| German | Ziram |
| Danish | ziram |
| Italian | ziram |
| Spanish | ziram |
| Greek | ziram |
| Slovenian | ciram |
| Polish | ziram |
| Swedish | ziram |
| Hungarian | ziram |
| Dutch | ziram |
Record last updated: Thursday 14 December 2017
Contact: aeru@herts.ac.uk