ziram ** zirame ** carbazinc ** methyl zimate ** zirthane ** DADZ ** Translations

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SUMMARY

Ziram is a fungicide that currently has approval for use in the EU. It has a low aqueous solubility, is quite volatile and has a plow potential for leaching to groundwater. It is not generally persistent in soil or water systems. Ziram is moderately toxic to mammals and is also considered to be mutagenic and a recognised irritant. It is highly toxic to birds, fish and aquatic invertebrates and moderately toxic to algae, honeybees and earthworms.

GENERAL INFORMATION
for ziram

Description: A broad spectrum fungicide to control common fungal diseases. Also used as a bird and animal repellent.

Example pests controlled: Anthracnose; Scab; Bitter rot; Black spot; Downey mildew; Leaf blight; Peach leaf curl; Powdery mildew; Storage rot

Example applications: Almonds; Pecans; Cherries; Apples; Pears; Plums; Peaches; Grapes; Tomatoes; Blueberries; Nectarines

Efficacy & activity: Tested in field development trials which demonstrated efficacious activity.

Availability status: Current

Introduction & key dates: 1960, USA

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414):

Status	Approved
Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur	Italy/Malta
Date inclusion expires	30/04/2019
EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)	Yes - two 'Persistent-Bioaccumulative-Toxic' criteria
Listed in EU database	Yes

Approved for use () or known to be used () in the following European countries:

AT

BE

BG

CY

CZ

DE

DK

EE

EL

ES

FI

FR

HR

HU

IE

IT

LT

LU

LV

MT

NL

PL

PT

RO

SE

SI

SK

UK

Also used in: Australia

Chemical structure:

Isomerism	None
Chemical formula	C6H12N2S4Zn
Canonical SMILES	CN(C)C(=S)[S-].CN(C)C(=S)[S-].[Zn+2]
Isomeric SMILES	No data
International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)	FNLPVVKNKZFOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International Chemical Identifier (InChI)	InChI=1S/2C3H7NS2.Zn/c2*1-4(2)3(5)6;/h2*1-2H3,(H,5,6);/q;;+2/p-2
Structure diagram/image available?	Yes

General status:

Pesticide type	Fungicide, Repellent
Substance group	Carbamate
Minimum active substance purity	950 g/kg
Known relevant impurities	EU dossier - arsenic 250mg/kg
Substance origin	Synthetic
Mode of action	Contact action with protective properties. Multi-site activity.
CAS RN	137-30-4
EC number	205-288-3
CIPAC number	31
US EPA chemical code	034805
PubChem CID	8722
Molecular mass (g mol-1)	305.84
PIN (Preferred Identification Name)	zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)
IUPAC name	zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)
CAS name	(T-4)-bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-kS,kS')zinc
Other status information	-
Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards	-
Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC)	Not applicable
Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA)	Not applicable
Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC)	Not applicable
Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC)	M3
Examples of recorded resistance	-
Physical state	White powder
Related substances & organisms	-

Formulations:

Property	Value
Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically	Unicrop AgroCare FCC Bayer CropScience Farmoplant
Example products using this active	Thionic Ziram Granuflo Tricarbamix Triscabol Zirex Carbazinc
UK LERAP status	None
Formulation and application details	Available in a range of formulations including wettable powders, water dispersible granules and liquids.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
for ziram

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Solubility - In water at 20oC (mg l-1)		0.967	A5	Low
Solubility - In organic solvents at 20oC (mg l-1)		1010	A5 - Ethyl acetate	-
		2300	A5 - Acetone	-
		110	A5 - Methanol	-
		900	A5 - Xylene	-
Melting point (oC)		251	A5	-
Boiling point (oC)		-	-	-
Degradation point (oC)		-	-	-
Flashpoint (oC)		Not expected to self ignite; Not highly flammable	A5	-
Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20oC	P	4.47 X 1001	Calculated	-
	Log P	1.65	A5	Low
Bulk density (g ml-1)/Specific gravity		1.71	A5	-
Dissociation constant (pKa) at 25oC		-	-	-
		Note:
Vapour pressure at 20oC (mPa)		1.8 X 10-02	A5	Low volatility
Henry's law constant at 25oC (Pa m3 mol-1)		2.3 X 10-06	A5	Non-volatile
GUS leaching potential index		0.02	Calculated	Low leachability
SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l-1) for a 1 kg ha-1 or 1 l ha-1 application rate	Value	2.25 X 10-04	Calculated	-
	Note	-
Potential for particle bound transport index		-	Calculated	Medium
Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol-1 cm-1		Neutral solution: 251nm = 39989, 270nm = 31586; [Acidic solution: Maxima below UV cut-off point; [Basic solution: 251nm = 52739	A5	-
Surface tension (mN m-1)		73.0	A5 at 16 oC	-

Degradation:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
General biodegradability		-
Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)	DT50 (typical)	1.62	A5	Non-persistent
	DT50 (lab at 20oC)	1.62	A5	Non-persistent
	DT50 (field)	6.3	A5	Non-persistent
	DT90 (lab at 20oC)	2.8	A5	-
	DT90 (field)	-	-	-
	DT50 modelling endpoint	-	-	-
	Note	EU 2018 dossier lab studies DT50 range 0.5-5.2 days, DT90 range 2.1-18.3 days, Soils=5; Other sources: DT50 30 days (DW4)
Dissipation rate RL50 on plant matrix	Value	-	-	-
	Note	-
Dissipation rate RL50 on and in plant matrix	Value	9.9	R3	-
	Note	Apricot fruit, n=1
Aqueous photolysis DT50 (days) at pH 7	Value	0.3	A5	Fast
	Note	-
Aqueous hydrolysis DT50 (days) at 20oC and pH 7	Value	0.7	A5	Non-persistent
	Note	pH sensitive: DT50 10.4 minutes at pH 4, 6.3 days at pH 9, all at 25 degC
Water-sediment DT50 (days)		0.25	A5	Fast
Water phase only DT50 (days)		0.25	A5	Fast

Soil adsorption and mobility:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Linear	Kd	61.1	A5	Non-mobile
	Koc	4570
	Notes and range	EU 2018 dossier Kd range 7.1-108.7 mL/g, Koc range 1093-10865 mL/g, Soils=5
Freundlich	Kf	109.5	A5	Non-mobile
	Kfoc	8189
	1/n	1.1
	Notes and range	EU 2018 dossier Kf range 5.1-577 mL/g, Kfoc range 775-34779 mL/g, 1/n range 0.86-1.34, Soils=5
pH sensitivity		No

Key metabolites:

Metabolite		Formation medium	Estimated maximum occurrence fraction	1107/2009 relevancy
thiram (Ref: ENT 987)		Soil	0.494	Major fraction, Relvant
1,1-dimethylurea		Soil	0.105	Major fraction, Relvant

Other known metabolites:

Metabolite name and reference	Aliases	Formation medium / Rate	Estimated maximum occurrence fraction	Metabolising enzymes
N,N-dimethylthioformamide	-	Water (Photolysis)	-	-
dithiocarbamic acid	-	Animal	-	-
1,1-dimethylurea	-	Soil (Aerobic)	-	-
Dimethyldithiocarbamic acid	DDC	Water	0.750	-
N,N-dimethylformamide	-	Water (Photolysis)	-	-

ECOTOXICOLOGY
for ziram

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Bio-concentration factor	BCF (l kg-1)	470	J4	Threshold for concern
	CT50 (days)	Not available		-
Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1)		267	A5 Rat	Moderate
Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL	(mg kg-1)	-	-	-
	(ppm diet)	-		-
Birds - Acute LD50 (mg kg-1)		97	A5 Colinus virginianus	High
Birds - Short term dietary (LC50/LD50)		> 5200 mg kg feed-1	A5 Anas platyrhynchos	-
Fish - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1)		0.355	A5 Oncorhynchus mykiss	Moderate
Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1)		0.189	A5 Lepomis macrochirus	Moderate
Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC50 (mg l-1)		0.172	A5 Daphnia magna	Moderate
Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1)		0.01	A5 Daphnia magna	Moderate
Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1)		0.140	A5 , >Americamysis bahia	Moderate
Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l-1)		0.242	A5 Chironomus riparius, emergence	Moderate
Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg-1)		-	-	-
Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC50, biomass (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Non-target plants		-	-	-
		-	-	-
Algae - Acute 72 hour EC50, growth (mg l-1)		0.094	A5 Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata	Moderate
Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l-1)		-	-	-
Honeybees	Contact acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1)	> 100	A5 Apis mellifera, i>	Low
	Oral acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1)	> 105	A5 Apis mellifera, i>	Low
	Unknown mode acute 48 hour LD50 (μg bee-1)	-	-	-
Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC50 (mg kg-1)		140	A5 Eisenia foetida	Moderate
Earthworms - Chronic 14 day NOEC, reproduction (mg kg-1)		13.3	A5 Eisenia foetida	Moderate
Other soil macro-organisms - e.g. Collembola	LR50 / EC50 / NOEC / % Effect	-	-	-
Other arthropod (1)	LR50 g ha-1	-	-	-
	% Effect	0.2	Reproduction Dose: 6.08 kg ha-1 A5 Aphidius rhopalosiphi, adult	-
Other arthropod (2)	LR50 g ha-1	-	-	-
	% Effect	45.8	Total effect Dose: 2.28 kg ha-1 x 4apps Field test A5 Typhlodromus pyri	-
Soil micro-organisms		Nitrogen mineralisation: NOEC 40 kg WG 76% /ha Carbon mineralisation: NOEC 40 kg WG 76% /ha	-	-
Mesocosm study data	NOEAEC mg l-1	0.01	A5 Aquatic arthropods and algae as the thiram metabolite	-
	NOEAEC mg l-1	-	-	-

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION
for ziram

General:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)		High (class III)	-	-
Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1)		267	A5 Rat	Moderate
Mammals - Dermal LD50 (mg kg-1 body weight)		> 2000	A5 Rat	-
Mammals - Inhalation LC50 (mg l-1)		0.06	A5 Rat (whole body)	-
Other Mammal toxicity endpoints		-		-
ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg-1bw day-1)		0.006	A5 Rat, SF=100	-
ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg-1bw day-1)		0.08	A5 Rat, SF=100	-
AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg-1 bw day-1)		-	-	-
AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg-1bw day-1)		0.015	A5 Rat, SF=200	-
Dermal penetration studies (%)		0.2-5.0	A5 concentration dependent	-
Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464		List II	-	-
Exposure Limits		-	-	-
Exposure Routes	Public	Low risk to bystanders
	Occupational	Acceptable risks for operators and other workers
European MRLs		Click here for the EU MRL pesticide database
Drinking Water Standards		-	-	-
Drinking Water MAC (μg l-1)		-	-	-

Health issues:

Carcinogen	Mutagen	Endocrine disrupter	Reproduction / development effects	Cholinesterase inhibitor	Neurotoxicant
					-
Respiratory tract irritant	Skin irritant	Skin sensitiser	Eye irritant	Phototoxicant
General human health issues		IARC Group 3 carcinogen; USEPA - some evidence to suggest possible human carcinogen Inhibits alcohol metabolism and may be goitrogenic Mutagenic Thyroid, liver & adrenal toxicant

: Yes, known to cause a problem
: No, known not to cause a problem
: Possibly, status not identified
- : No data found

Handling issues:

Property		Value	Source/Quality Score/Other Information	Interpretation
General		Not explosive but may form explosive dust-air mixtures No oxidising properties IMDG Transport Code is usually 6.1
CLP classification 2013		Health: H302, H317, H318, H330, H335, H373 Environment: H400, H410
EC Risk Classification		T+ - Very toxic: R26 Xn - Harmful: R22, R41, R43, R48/22 Xi - Irritant: R37 N - Dangerous for the environment: R50, R53
EC Safety Classification		S1/2, S22, S26, S28, S36/37/39, S45, S60, S61
WHO Classification		II	-	Moderately hazardous
US EPA Classification (formulation)		III	-	Caution - Slightly toxic
UN Number		Usually 2811
Waste disposal & packaging		Packaging Group II (medium danger)

TRANSLATIONS
for ziram

Language	Name
English	ziram
French	zirame
German	Ziram
Danish	ziram
Italian	ziram
Spanish	ziram
Greek	ziram
Slovenian	ciram
Polish	ziram
Swedish	ziram
Hungarian	ziram
Dutch	ziram

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Record last updated: Monday 29 October 2018
Contact: aeru@herts.ac.uk