Carene |

Last updated: 23/08/2025
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(Also known as: delta-3-carene; 3-carene; 3-norcarene; S-3-carene) |
The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement. These hazard alerts do not take account of usage patterns or exposure, thus do not represent risk.
Environmental fate |
Ecotoxicity |
Human health |
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A volatile substance used, often in mixtures with other compounds, as a pheromone synergist and insect attractant and lure |
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Southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) |
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Pines forests |
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- |
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- |
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- |
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Not approved |
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Not applicable |
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No UK approval for use as a plant protection agent |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Not approved |
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Not applicable |
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Not applicable |
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Not applicable |
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Yes |
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ATAustria |
BEBelgium |
BGBulgaria |
CYCyprus |
CZCzech Republic |
DEGermany |
DKDenmark |
EEEstonia |
ELGreece |
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ESSpain |
FIFinland |
FRFrance |
HRCroatia |
HUHungary |
IEIreland |
ITItaly |
LTLithuania |
LULuxembourg |
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LVLatvia |
MTMalta |
NLNetherlands |
PLPoland |
PTPortugal |
RORomania |
SESweden |
SISlovenia |
SKSlovakia |
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ISIceland |
NONorway |
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Sabinene and 3-carene are isomers |
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C₁₀H₁₆ |
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CC1=CCC2C(C1)C2(C)C |
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- |
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BQOFWKZOCNGFEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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InChI=1S/C10H16/c1-7-4-5-8-9(6-7)10(8,2)3/h4,8-9H,5-6H2,1-3H3 |
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Yes |
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Semiochemical; Insecticide; Other substance |
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Synergist |
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Pheromone |
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- |
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- |
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Natural |
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Functions as an insect attractant |
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A pheromone synergist often used in mixtures with other insect attractants. A constituent of turpentine. |
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Forestry |
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Southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) |
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Pine forests |
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- |
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13466-78-9 |
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236-719-3 |
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- |
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- |
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- |
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136.24 |
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- |
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3,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene |
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3-carene |
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- |
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- |
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- |
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Not applicable |
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Not applicable |
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Not applicable |
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Not applicable |
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- |
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Colourless liquid |
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Current |
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- |
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- Southern pine beetle pheromone
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Usually supplied in slow release formulations that are used within pheromone dispensers |
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Commercial production of carene typically begins with the distillation of turpentine, a natural resin obtained from pine trees. Turpentine contains a mix of monoterpenes, and carene can comprise up to 42% of its content depending on the source. Through fractional distillation, carene is separated based on its boiling point followed by purification steps to achieve high-purity grades (≥90% or ≥95%) for industrial use. |
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While exact CO₂e values are not published for specific pheromones, some general information is available. The PHERA reported that biotechnological production (e.g. yeast fermentation) of pheromones can reduce GHG emissions by up to 90% compared to traditional chemical synthesis and GHG emissions are typically in the 5 to 10 kg CO₂e per kg of pheromone produced. Other sources suggest that small scale pheromone synthesis typically has emissions in the range 1 – 3 kg CO₂e per kg of pheromone produced. |
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2.91 |
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Low |
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- |
- |
- |
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23.0 |
Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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172 |
Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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- |
- |
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46.1 |
Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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2.40 X 1004 |
Calculated |
- |
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4.38 |
Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
High |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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0.867 |
Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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- |
- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
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- |
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. |
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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None
Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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4800 |
Rat |
Low |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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> 2500 |
Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source No adverse effects identified or expected. |
Low |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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> 1000 |
Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source Expert judgement |
Low |
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- |
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- |
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- |
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- |
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- |
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- |
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- |
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- |
- |
- |
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> 100 |
Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source Expert judgement |
Low |
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> 100 |
Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source No adverse effects identified or expected. |
Low |
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- |
- |
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- |
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- |
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> 100 |
Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source No adverse effects identified or expected. |
Low |
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HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION |
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Low (class I) |
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4800 |
Rat |
Low |
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Carcinogen |
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Endocrine disruptor |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
A0 A = Chromosome aberration (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; B0 B = DNA damage/repair (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; C0 C = Gene mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; D0 D = Genome mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; E0 E = Unspecified genotoxicity type (miscellaneous data source) 0 = No data |
No data found |
Reproduction / development effects |
Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor |
Neurotoxicant |
No data found |
No data found |
No data found |
Respiratory tract irritant |
Skin irritant |
Skin sensitiser |
✓Yes, known to cause a problem |
✓Yes, known to cause a problem |
No data found |
Eye irritant |
Phototoxicant |
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✓Yes, known to cause a problem |
No data found |
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Inhalation may cause headache, confusion, respiratory distress Digestive system irritant Possible kidney toxicant |
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Flammable May react vigorously with strong oxidising agents IMDG Transport Hazard Class 3 |
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- |
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Not listed (Not listed) |
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UN2319 |
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Packaging Group III (minor danger) |
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carene |
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- |
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- |
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Record last updated: |
23/08/2025 |
Contact: |
aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: |
Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |